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Related Concept Videos

Static and Kinetic Frictional Force01:05

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One of the simpler characteristics of sliding friction is that it is parallel to the contact surfaces between systems, and is always in a direction that opposes the motion or attempted motion of the systems relative to each other. If two systems are in contact and moving relative to one another, then the friction between them is called kinetic friction. For example, kinetic friction slows a hockey puck sliding on ice.
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Mechanical vibrators are instrumental in compacting newly poured concrete within formwork and around reinforcements. This process is essential to eliminate trapped air pockets and establish a dense concrete mass. One widely used method is vibrating by internal vibrators, often referred to as a poker vibrator or immersion vibrator. It is rapidly inserted through the full depth of the freshly laid concrete and slightly extends into the layer below it (which remains in a plastic state). Consistent...
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Dry friction occurs when two solid surfaces slide against each other without any lubrication or fluid present. It causes resistance when pushing objects along a surface, like a gardener pushing a wheelbarrow. The force applied to move the cart causes dry friction between the wheel and the ground.
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Consider a truck trying to pull a stationary car. As the truck exerts a force on the car, static friction is created at the point of contact between the two surfaces. This frictional force resists the car's movement and keeps it at rest. However, when the applied force by the truck surpasses the limiting static frictional force, an interesting phenomenon occurs. The frictional force at the interface reduces to a lower value, known as the kinetic frictional force. At this point, the car...
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Flat belts are commonly used in various industrial applications for transmitting power from one pulley to another. When a flat belt is wrapped around a set of pulleys, it experiences different tensions at the driving pulley ends due to the friction between the belt and pulley surface. When the pulley moves in a counterclockwise direction, the tension T2 on the opposite side of the pulley where the belt is moving away from is higher than the tension T1 on the side where the belt is moving...
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When a body is in motion, it encounters resistance because the body interacts with its surroundings. This resistance is known as friction, a common yet complex force whose behavior is still not completely understood. Friction opposes relative motion between systems in contact, but also allows us to move. Friction arises in part due to the roughness of surfaces in contact. For one object to move along a surface, it must rise to where the peaks of the surface can skip along the bottom of the...
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Updated: Apr 4, 2026

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Granular friction: Triggering large events with small vibrations.

Henri Lastakowski1, Jean-Christophe Géminard1, Valérie Vidal1

  • 1Laboratoire de Physique, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon - CNRS, Université de Lyon, 46, Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon cedex 07, France.

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In granular friction, researchers found that vibration characteristic velocity, not acceleration, controls slip motion. This challenges previous studies and offers new insights into earthquake triggering.

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Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Geophysics
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Vibrations can trigger large-scale motion in various systems, from everyday objects to geological events like earthquakes.
  • In granular friction, vibration acceleration has been considered the primary parameter for transitioning between stick-slip and continuous sliding.
  • Previous studies, mainly numerical, suggested threshold accelerations near gravitational acceleration for unjamming.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally investigate the role of vibration parameters in granular friction.
  • To determine whether acceleration or velocity governs the onset of large slip events in granular materials.
  • To re-evaluate the established understanding of vibration-induced motion in frictional systems.

Main Methods:

  • Conducting laboratory experiments on granular friction by shearing a grain layer.
  • Subjecting the granular system to controlled horizontal vibrations.
  • Analyzing the relationship between vibration characteristics (acceleration and velocity) and system response (slip events).

Main Results:

  • Contrary to previous findings, characteristic velocity, not acceleration, was identified as the controlling parameter for frictional properties.
  • The threshold acceleration required to trigger large slip events was found to be significantly lower than gravitational acceleration.
  • Experimental results challenge the long-held belief that acceleration is the dominant factor.

Conclusions:

  • The characteristic velocity of mechanical vibrations is the key factor governing granular friction and slip motion.
  • This finding necessitates a revision of the understanding of vibration-induced unjamming and sliding.
  • The results have implications for understanding dynamic earthquake triggering by minor ground perturbations.