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Development of Human Microbiota01:30

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The human microbiota begins developing at birth and undergoes continual change as we age. Infancy marks a critical period of microbial sensitivity, offering a “window of opportunity” during which beneficial microbes help mature the immune system. By age three, children typically develop a more stable and diverse microbial community. Newborns acquire microbes from their immediate environment; vaginal delivery favors maternal vaginal microbes, while cesarean births favor microbes from...
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The establishment of the oral microbiome begins before birth, challenging the long-held belief that the fetal oral cavity is sterile. The presence of oral microbes such as Streptococcus and Fusobacterium in amniotic fluid suggests that microbial exposure may occur in utero, potentially through translocation from the maternal oral or gastrointestinal tract. This early colonization primes the neonatal immune system and sets the stage for subsequent microbial succession. Maternal health,...
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Many animals exhibit parental care behavior, including feeding, grooming, and protecting young offspring. Parental care is universal in mammals and birds, which often have young that are born relatively helpless. Several species of insects and fish, as well as some amphibians, also care for their young.
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Although digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids may begin in the stomach, it is completed in the intestine. The absorption of nutrients, water, and electrolytes from food and drink also occurs in the intestine. The intestines can be divided into two structurally distinct organs—the small and large intestines.
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[Breastfeeding Rates and Duration in Germany - A Systematic Review].

A Weissenborn1, M Abou-Dakn2, R Bergmann3

  • 1Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung, Lebensmittelsicherheit, Berlin.

Gesundheitswesen (Bundesverband Der Arzte Des Offentlichen Gesundheitsdienstes (Germany))
|September 4, 2015
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Breastfeeding initiation rates in Germany are high, but duration is limited. Early support is crucial for sustained breastfeeding success and improved infant nutrition monitoring.

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Pediatrics
  • Maternal Health

Background:

  • Established in 1995, the National Breastfeeding Committee aimed to improve infant feeding practices in Germany.
  • Breastfeeding is recognized as vital for infant nutrition and maternal health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the trends in breastfeeding behavior in Germany over two decades (1995-2014).
  • To provide insights into the development of breastfeeding practices based on published data.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic literature search was performed in PubMed and Web of Science.
  • Studies published between 1995 and 2014 focusing on breastfeeding in Germany were included.

Main Results:

  • 35 studies covering birth cohorts from 1990-2012 were analyzed.
  • Initial breastfeeding rates were high (72-97%), but declined significantly within 2 months.
  • By 6 months, only about 50% of infants were still breastfed.

Conclusions:

  • Increased breastfeeding support and early assistance are necessary for sustainable improvements in breastfeeding duration.
  • Standardized data collection approaches are crucial for accurate monitoring of breastfeeding in Germany.