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Related Concept Videos

Bioplastics01:27

Bioplastics

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Bioplastics derived from microbial processes present a sustainable alternative to conventional petroleum-based plastics. Among these, polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), particularly polyhydroxybutyrates (PHBs), have emerged as prominent candidates due to their biodegradability and biocompatibility. These polymers are synthesized by a variety of bacteria, such as Cupriavidus necator and Pseudomonas putida, which naturally accumulate PHAs as intracellular carbon and energy reserves, especially under...
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Microbial Bioremediation of Plastics01:28

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Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is a synthetic polymer widely utilized in the packaging industry, particularly for bottles and containers. Due to its chemical stability and durability, PET accumulates in the environment, contributing significantly to plastic pollution. It comprises repeating units of terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol, resulting in a semi-crystalline structure that is resistant to natural degradation processes.A notable breakthrough in plastic biodegradation came with the...
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The introduction of polyesters has brought major development to the textile industry. The wrinkle-free behavior of polyester blends has eliminated the need for starching and ironing clothes.
Polyesters are commonly prepared from terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol; the crude product is known as poly(ethylene terephthalate) or PET. However, polyesters are synthesized industrially by transesterification of dimethyl terephthalate with ethylene glycol at 150 °C. The two reactants and the polymer...
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Bioremediation is an environmentally sustainable process that employs living organisms—primarily microorganisms—to degrade or neutralize pollutants from contaminated environments. In oil spills and hydrocarbon pollution, bioremediation involves the use of hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria to transform toxic compounds into less harmful substances. This approach leverages natural microbial metabolic processes and is considered both cost-effective and ecologically favorable compared to...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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Marine Microbial Ecology01:30

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Marine microbial ecosystems are shaped by distinct physicochemical limits, including high salinity, low nutrient availability, and fluctuating oxygen levels. These conditions favor smaller microbial cell sizes, which maximize their surface-to-volume ratio for efficient nutrient uptake.Microbial activity and community composition are closely linked to biogeochemical cycles, particularly in dynamic environments like estuaries, where halotolerant microbes thrive in response to variable salinity...
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Updated: Apr 4, 2026

Forming Micro-and Nano-Plastics from Agricultural Plastic Films for Employment in Fundamental Research Studies
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Nano-plastics in the aquatic environment.

K Mattsson1, L-A Hansson, T Cedervall

  • 1Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Lund University, Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden. karin.mattsson@biochemistry.lu.se.

Environmental Science. Processes & Impacts
|September 5, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Plastic pollution is a growing concern, especially for aquatic life. This review focuses on nano-sized plastics, their environmental impact, and how they differ from microplastics.

Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Ecotoxicology
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Increasing plastic production has led to widespread environmental contamination.
  • Aquatic ecosystems are particularly vulnerable to plastic pollution, with growing concern over microplastics.
  • Nanoplastics, resulting from microplastic degradation or direct release, pose unique risks due to their size and properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the sources, distribution, and behavior of nanoplastics in the environment.
  • To assess the impact of nanoplastics on aquatic organism well-being.
  • To differentiate the effects of nanoplastics from microplastics and identify research gaps.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing studies on nanoplastics in aquatic environments.

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  • Analysis of the physical and chemical properties of nanoplastics influencing their environmental fate.
  • Comparative assessment of toxicological data for nano- and micro-plastics.

    • Main Results:

    • Nanoplastics originate from direct release and microplastic fragmentation.
    • Their small size, high surface area, and curvature influence interactions with aquatic organisms.
    • Evidence suggests nanoplastics may have distinct impacts compared to larger plastic particles, though research is ongoing.

    Conclusions:

    • Further research is urgently needed to understand nanoplastic ecotoxicity.
    • Standardized experimental methods are required for reliable data collection.
    • Addressing nanoplastic pollution is critical for aquatic ecosystem health.