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Related Concept Videos

Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
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Epigenetic Regulation01:46

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Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
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Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Inheritance of Chromatin Structures03:17

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

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Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 4, 2026

Repressing Gene Transcription by Redirecting Cellular Machinery with Chemical Epigenetic Modifiers
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Adaption by Rewiring Epigenetic Landscapes.

Yifei Liu1, Andrew Xiao1

  • 1Department of Genetics and Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06519, USA.

Cell Stem Cell
|September 5, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Embryonic stem cells use histone modifications, not DNA methylation, to silence transposons. New research shows Daxx/Atrx proteins repress transposons in these cells, revealing complex epigenetic regulation.

Area of Science:

  • Epigenetics
  • Stem Cell Biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) primarily utilize repressive histone modifications to silence retrotransposons.
  • Differentiated cells typically rely on DNA methylation for transposon silencing.
  • The interplay between different epigenetic mechanisms in ESCs remains an active area of research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of Daxx/Atrx in transposon silencing in ESCs.
  • To understand the epigenetic mechanisms governing transposon control in the absence of DNA methylation.
  • To elucidate the dynamic reorganization of epigenetic networks in ESCs.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of Daxx/Atrx function in ESCs.
  • Investigation of epigenetic modifications and transposon activity.

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  • Comparison of epigenetic states in ESCs with and without DNA methylation.

    • Main Results:

    • Daxx/Atrx were found to repress transposons in ESCs lacking 5-methylcytosine (5mC).
    • This repression occurs independently of DNA methylation, highlighting alternative silencing pathways.
    • Evidence of dynamic epigenetic network reorganization and crosstalk between repressive mechanisms was observed.

    Conclusions:

    • Daxx/Atrx play a crucial role in maintaining transposon silencing in ESCs, particularly in 5mC-deficient environments.
    • The findings demonstrate a dynamic interplay between histone modifications and other epigenetic factors for transposon control.
    • This study reveals novel insights into the complex epigenetic landscape of ESCs and the maintenance of genome stability.