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Updated: Apr 4, 2026

Creating Virtual-hand and Virtual-face Illusions to Investigate Self-representation

Creating Virtual-hand and Virtual-face Illusions to Investigate Self-representation

Published on: March 1, 2017

The rubber foot illusion.

Simona Crea¹, Marco D'Alonzo², Nicola Vitiello^3,4

¹The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, viale Rinaldo Piaggio, Pontedera (PI), Italy. s.crea@sssup.it.

Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation

|September 6, 2015

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers explored the Rubber Foot Illusion to enhance prosthetic limb embodiment. Synchronous sensory stimulation, even when mismatched, can create a sense of foot ownership, improving prosthesis acceptance.

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Rehabilitation Engineering
Human-Computer Interaction

Background:

Lower-limb amputation leads to significant functional impairment due to lost sensory feedback.
Restoring sensory information via feedback devices can improve prosthesis embodiment, control, and user acceptance.

Purpose of the Study:

To adapt the Rubber Hand Illusion (RHI) paradigm for lower limbs.
To investigate the induction of body ownership for a prosthetic foot.

Main Methods:

Experiments adapted the RHI paradigm using vibrotactile stimulation.
Stimulation was applied to the biological foot and a prosthetic foot model.
Matched and mismatched sensory modalities were tested on 19 healthy participants.

Main Results:

Modality-matched, synchronous stimulation successfully elicited a 'Rubber Foot Illusion', creating a sense of foot ownership.
Modality-mismatched stimulation also induced the illusion, though to a lesser extent.
The study demonstrated the feasibility of creating illusory foot ownership.

Conclusions:

The Rubber Foot Illusion can be successfully induced using both matched and mismatched sensory stimulation.
This research provides a foundation for developing sensory feedback systems to improve prosthetic limb integration.