Related Experiment Video
Updated: Apr 4, 2026
Creating Virtual-hand and Virtual-face Illusions to Investigate Self-representation
Published on: March 1, 2017
The rubber foot illusion
Simona Crea1, Marco D'Alonzo2, Nicola Vitiello3,4
1The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, viale Rinaldo Piaggio, Pontedera (PI), Italy. s.crea@sssup.it.
Background:
Lower-limb amputation causes the individual a huge functional impairment due to the lack of adequate sensory perception from the missing limb. The development of an augmenting sensory feedback device able to restore some of the missing information from the amputated limb may improve embodiment, control and acceptability of the prosthesis.
Findings:
In this work we transferred the Rubber Hand Illusion paradigm to the lower limb. We investigated the possibility of promoting body ownership of a fake foot, in a series of experiments fashioned after the RHI using matched or mismatched (vibrotactile) stimulation. The results, collected from 19 healthy subjects, demonstrated that it is possible to elicit the perception of possessing a rubber foot when modality-matched stimulations are provided synchronously on the biological foot and to the corresponding rubber foot areas. Results also proved that it is possible to enhance the illusion even with modality-mismatched stimulation, even though illusion was lower than in case of modality-matched stimulation.
Conclusions:
We demonstrated the possibility of promoting a Rubber Foot Illusion with both matched and mismatched stimulation.
