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Chondrocytes Directly Transform into Bone Cells in Mandibular Condyle Growth.

Y Jing1, X Zhou2, X Han3

  • 1Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA.

Journal of Dental Research
|September 6, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Contrary to popular belief, hypertrophic chondrocytes in mandibular condylar cartilage directly transform into bone cells, challenging the traditional apoptosis model. This study reveals chondrocytes are a significant source of bone cells during endochondral ossification.

Keywords:
cell lineage tracingcell transformationdevelopmentosteoblastosteocytetemporomandibular joint

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Area of Science:

  • Skeletal Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • The traditional view posits hypertrophic chondrocytes undergo apoptosis before endochondral bone formation.
  • Recent long bone studies suggest chondrocytes may directly differentiate into bone cells.
  • Mandibular condylar cartilage presents a unique model for studying endochondral ossification.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the fate of hypertrophic chondrocytes in mandibular condylar cartilage.
  • To determine if chondrocytes directly transform into bone cells in this specific anatomical site.
  • To challenge the long-held apoptosis-centric model of endochondral ossification.

Main Methods:

  • In vivo characterization of condylar hypertrophic chondrocytes.
  • Ex vivo culture of condylar cartilage explants.
  • Cartilage-specific cell lineage tracing using genetically engineered mice (Rosa 26(tdTomato), 2.3 Col1(GFP), aggrecan Cre(ERT2), and Col10-Cre).

Main Results:

  • Condylar hypertrophic chondrocytes exhibit antiapoptotic markers (Bcl-2), proliferation, and early bone markers (alkaline phosphatase).
  • Ex vivo cultures show peripheral cells expressing a bone marker (Col1).
  • Lineage tracing confirms direct in vivo transformation of chondrocytes into bone cells, originating from the inferior condylar cartilage.

Conclusions:

  • A majority of chondrocytes in mandibular condylar cartilage directly transform into bone cells.
  • This transformation process contributes significantly to bone formation in the condyle.
  • Ossification initiates at the inferior aspect of the mandibular condylar cartilage, expanding unidirectionally.