Chronic Kidney Disease I: Introduction
Nephrons
Urinary Tract Calculi I: Introduction
Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations
Urinary Tract Calculi IV: Nutrition Therapy and Prevention
Chronic Kidney Disease III: Interprofessional Care
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Updated: Apr 4, 2026

Estimation of Urinary Nanocrystals in Humans using Calcium Fluorophore Labeling and Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis
Published on: February 9, 2021
Andrew E Kummer1, Morgan Grams2, Pamela Lutsey3
1Divisions of Renal Diseases and Hypertension and kumm0012@umn.edu.
Kidney stones are not an independent risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, individuals with a history of kidney stones and lower uric acid levels showed an increased risk of developing CKD.
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