Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Torque01:10

Torque

23.5K
Torque is an important quantity for describing the dynamics of a rotating rigid body. We see the application of torque in many ways in the world, such as when pressing the accelerator in a car, which causes the engine to apply additional torque on the drivetrain. Here, we define torque and provide a framework to create an equation to calculate torque for a rigid body with fixed-axis rotation.
Torque can be considered as the rotational counterpart to force. Since forces change the translational...
23.5K
Net Torque Calculations01:19

Net Torque Calculations

12.2K
When a mechanic tries to remove a hex nut with a wrench, it is easier if the force is applied at the farthest end of the wrench handle. The lever arm is the distance from the pivot point (the hex nut in this case) to the person’s hand. If this distance is large, the torque is higher. Only the component of the force perpendicular to the lever arm contributes to the torque. Therefore, pushing the wrench perpendicular to the lever arm is more advantageous. If multiple people apply force to...
12.2K
Torque Free Motion01:15

Torque Free Motion

911
The torque-free motion refers to the movement of a rigid body in space when no external torques are acting upon it. This type of motion can be observed in environments where there are no external forces or frictions, like in outer space. For example, a rotation of Mars in space is a torque-free motion. Mars is an axisymmetric object, meaning it has an axis of symmetry along which it rotates, designated as the z-axis. The rotating frame of reference is defined such that the center of mass of...
911
Angle of Twist: Problem Solving01:13

Angle of Twist: Problem Solving

873
An electric motor applies a torque of 700 N·m to an aluminum shaft, triggering a stable rotation. Two pulleys, B and C, are subjected to torques of 300 N·m and 400 N·m, respectively. The modulus of rigidity is provided as 25 GPa. With the knowledge of the length and diameter of each segment, the twist angle between the two pulleys can be computed. First, a section cut is made between pulleys B and C, and the cut cross-section is analyzed using a free-body diagram. Given that the torque...
873
Angle of Twist - Elastic Range01:13

Angle of Twist - Elastic Range

918
Consider a cylindrical shaft with a length denoted by L and a consistent cross-sectional radius referred to as r. This shaft undergoes a torque at the free end. The highest shearing strain within the shaft is directly proportional to the twist angle and the radial distance from the shaft axis. When the shaft behaves elastically, this shearing strain can be articulated using variables such as the applied torque, radial distance, the polar moment of inertia, and the modulus of rigidity. By...
918
Development of the Limb Synovial Joints01:07

Development of the Limb Synovial Joints

2.7K
Joints form during embryonic development in conjunction with the formation and growth of the associated bones. The embryonic tissue that gives rise to all bones, cartilage, and connective tissues of the body is called mesenchyme.
The mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into chondrocytes that form the hyaline cartilage, and later the cartilaginous model of the bone. This model further transforms into a bone. This process is known as endochondral ossification.
During development, the limbs...
2.7K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Neuromuscular fatigue induced by the combined application of neuromuscular electrical stimulation and muscle lengthening.

Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)·2026
Same author

Modulation and recovery kinetics of soleus responses to peripheral nerve and transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation under different interventions.

Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)·2025
Same author

Acute and chronic effects of local muscle vibration training inducing illusions on wrist strength and neurophysiological measures.

Scientific reports·2025
Same author

Effect of superimposed local vibration on neuromuscular fatigue during high-intensity intermittent isometric contractions in healthy adults.

Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)·2025
Same author

Neural Activation Down to the Spinal Cord during Action Language? A Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Peripheral Nerve Stimulation Study.

Journal of cognitive neuroscience·2025
Same author

Use of transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation to explore inhibitory and facilitatory circuits in muscles of the human lower limb.

Experimental physiology·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 4, 2026

Quantifying Learning in Young Infants: Tracking Leg Actions During a Discovery-learning Task
11:18

Quantifying Learning in Young Infants: Tracking Leg Actions During a Discovery-learning Task

Published on: June 1, 2015

11.2K

Spinal and supraspinal mechanisms affecting torque development at different joint angles.

Maria Papaiordanidou1, Valérie Mustacchi1, Jean-Damien Stevenot1

  • 1UMR7287, CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, 163 avenue de Luminy, 13288, Marseille, France.

Muscle & Nerve
|September 6, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Muscle lengthening reduces neural drive for plantar flexion torque, primarily due to supraspinal mechanisms. This impacts maximal voluntary contractions (MVC) and voluntary activation (VA) at specific joint angles.

Keywords:
electromyographymuscle mechanical propertiesneural activationspinal excitabilitytwitch interpolation

More Related Videos

Method to Measure Tone of Axial and Proximal Muscle
10:41

Method to Measure Tone of Axial and Proximal Muscle

Published on: December 14, 2011

18.1K
In Vivo Measurement of Hindlimb Dorsiflexor Isometric Torque from Pig
09:41

In Vivo Measurement of Hindlimb Dorsiflexor Isometric Torque from Pig

Published on: September 3, 2021

4.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 4, 2026

Quantifying Learning in Young Infants: Tracking Leg Actions During a Discovery-learning Task
11:18

Quantifying Learning in Young Infants: Tracking Leg Actions During a Discovery-learning Task

Published on: June 1, 2015

11.2K
Method to Measure Tone of Axial and Proximal Muscle
10:41

Method to Measure Tone of Axial and Proximal Muscle

Published on: December 14, 2011

18.1K
In Vivo Measurement of Hindlimb Dorsiflexor Isometric Torque from Pig
09:41

In Vivo Measurement of Hindlimb Dorsiflexor Isometric Torque from Pig

Published on: September 3, 2021

4.6K

Area of Science:

  • Neuromuscular Physiology
  • Biomechanics
  • Motor Control

Background:

  • Plantar flexion torque is influenced by joint position.
  • Understanding neural control of torque is crucial for motor performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the neural mechanisms underlying changes in plantar flexion torque across different ankle and knee joint angles.

Main Methods:

  • Maximal voluntary contractions (MVC) were performed at various ankle-knee positions.
  • Neural activation was assessed using V-wave, H-reflex, and electromyography (RMS).
  • Voluntary activation (VA) and muscle function (doublet amplitude) were quantified.

Main Results:

  • Plantar flexion torque and muscle activation were reduced at the plantar flexion joint angle.
  • Voluntary activation (VA) decreased with dorsiflexion and full knee extension.
  • Neural drive indicators (V/Msup, RMS/Msup) were lower during knee extension.

Conclusions:

  • Joint positions promoting muscle lengthening lead to diminished neural drive.
  • Supraspinal mechanisms are the primary contributors to reduced neural drive during specific joint configurations.