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Related Concept Videos

Shrinkage in Concrete01:27

Shrinkage in Concrete

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Shrinkage in concrete is primarily due to water loss from evaporation, hydration of cement, or carbonation, leading to a reduction in volume. The volumetric contraction results in volumetric strain in concrete. However, in practice, shrinkage is measured as linear strain, which is one-third of the volumetric strain.
When concrete is still in its plastic state, it can undergo a decrease in volume by about 1% of its absolute volume. This decrease is known as plastic shrinkage. It arises either...
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Drying Shrinkage01:21

Drying Shrinkage

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When hardened concrete is exposed to air with a relative humidity of less than 100 percent, it begins to lose the free water within its capillaries. As this water evaporates, the water initially adsorbed onto the calcium silicate hydrates migrates towards these now empty spaces and eventually evaporates as well. Over time, as more water leaves, the volume of the concrete decreases, a phenomenon known as drying shrinkage.
A portion of this drying shrinkage can be reversed; if the concrete is...
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Measurements of Strain01:27

Measurements of Strain

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Strain quantifies the deformation of a material under force, typically measured as normal strain, which represents the change in length when compared with the original length. Electrical strain gauges are used for enhanced accuracy. These devices consist of a conductive wire mounted on a paper backing that adheres to the material's surface. These gauges operate on the piezoresistive effect, where the wire's electrical resistance changes in response to mechanical deformation. The strain...
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Microbial Growth Measurement: Indirect Methods01:27

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Estimating microbial growth is essential for understanding population dynamics and environmental adaptations. Indirect methods provide valuable insights by measuring parameters such as turbidity, metabolic activity, and biomass, enabling efficient and reproducible assessments.During exponential growth, microbial cells scatter light proportionally to their biomass, a principle used in turbidity measurements. About one million cells per milliliter produce detectable scattering, which a...
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Carbonation Shrinkage01:24

Carbonation Shrinkage

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Atmospheric CO2 penetrates the concrete's pores and, in the presence of moisture, forms carbonic acid, which then reacts with calcium hydroxide in the hydrated cement, forming calcium carbonate. This process reduces the concrete's volume and is termed carbonation shrinkage.
The concrete's permeability is slightly reduced as calcium carbonate produced during the reaction fills its pores. Furthermore, its strength is slightly enhanced as the water released during the reaction...
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Measurement of Air Content in Concrete01:23

Measurement of Air Content in Concrete

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Air content measurement in concrete is critical for ensuring structural integrity and durability of concrete structures, especially in environments prone to severe weather conditions. Accurate air content analysis optimizes concrete's resistance to freeze-thaw cycles and enhances its workability and strength. Several methods are standardized under ASTM guidelines to measure the air content in fresh concrete, each suitable for different concrete types and conditions.
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Related Experiment Video

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Shrinkage of Dental Composite in Simulated Cavity Measured with Digital Image Correlation
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Shrinkage of Dental Composite in Simulated Cavity Measured with Digital Image Correlation

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Simple optical method for measuring free shrinkage.

Daranee Tantbirojn1, Carmem S Pfeifer2, Arianna N Amini3

  • 1Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.

Dental Materials : Official Publication of the Academy of Dental Materials
|September 7, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new optical method accurately measures dental composite polymerization shrinkage, offering a simpler alternative to traditional dilatometers. This technique provides reliable free shrinkage data for material comparison.

Keywords:
DilatometerFinite element analysisFree shrinkageImage analysis softwarePolymerization shrinkageResin compositeStereomicroscope

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Area of Science:

  • Dental Materials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Biomaterials Engineering

Background:

  • Polymerization shrinkage is a critical factor affecting the longevity and performance of dental composite restorations.
  • Accurate measurement of this shrinkage is essential for material development and clinical application.
  • Established methods like dilatometry have limitations, prompting the need for simpler, reliable alternatives.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare a novel, simple optical method with an established dilatometer for measuring polymerization shrinkage of dental composites.
  • To evaluate the accuracy and reliability of the optical method for assessing free shrinkage.

Main Methods:

  • Five dental composites were tested using both a mercury-filled dilatometer and a stereomicroscope-based optical method.
  • The optical method involved capturing pre- and post-polymerization images to calculate volumetric shrinkage via surface area analysis.
  • Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Pearson Correlation, with finite element analysis modeling shrinkage deformation.

Main Results:

  • The optical method consistently yielded higher shrinkage values than the dilatometer.
  • Both methods demonstrated a high correlation (0.9997), indicating consistent material ranking.
  • Finite element analysis suggested that sample bonding in the dilatometer method might lead to underestimated shrinkage values.

Conclusions:

  • The optical method is a simple, accurate, and reliable alternative for measuring the free polymerization shrinkage of dental composites.
  • This method, utilizing readily available equipment and software, offers a practical approach for researchers and clinicians.
  • The findings support the use of the optical method for evaluating new dental composite materials.