Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Bacterial Virulence01:28

Regulation of Bacterial Virulence

41
Pathogenic bacteria employ a range of regulatory mechanisms to modulate the expression of virulence genes in response to environmental and host-derived signals. These mechanisms ensure that virulence factors are expressed only under favorable conditions, thereby optimizing infection and survival strategies.Mechanisms of Virulence RegulationKey regulatory strategies include:Two-Component Systems: These consist of a membrane-bound sensor kinase and a cytoplasmic response regulator. Environmental...
41
Gene Regulation in Microbial Communities: Quorum Sensing01:28

Gene Regulation in Microbial Communities: Quorum Sensing

893
Quorum sensing is a mechanism of bacterial communication that enables coordinated gene expression in response to changes in population density. This facilitates collective behaviors that enhance survival, resource acquisition, and ecological adaptation. This process relies on small signaling molecules called autoinducers that accumulate as bacterial populations grow. When a critical threshold concentration of autoinducers is reached, bacterial cells collectively modify gene expression,...
893
CRISPR and crRNAs02:53

CRISPR and crRNAs

19.6K
Bacteria and archaea are susceptible to viral infections just like eukaryotes; therefore, they have developed a unique adaptive immune system to protect themselves. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated proteins (CRISPR-Cas) are present in more than 45% of known bacteria and 90% of known archaea.
The CRISPR-Cas system stores a copy of foreign DNA in the host genome and uses it to identify the foreign DNA upon reinfection. CRISPR-Cas has three different...
19.6K
Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV) and Cancer01:03

Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV) and Cancer

6.6K
Rous Sarcoma virus or RSV was discovered by F. Peyton Rous in the year 1911 as a filterable transmissible agent that could cause tumors in chickens. He won a Nobel Prize for this discovery in 1966. His experiments clearly demonstrated that some cancers could be caused by infectious agents and led to the discovery of many more cancer-causing viruses in animals as well as humans.
RSV is a retrovirus that contains two copies of a plus-strand  RNA genome. Its genome consists of four main open...
6.6K
Exon Recombination02:32

Exon Recombination

4.3K
The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
Exon shuffling follows “splice frame rules.” Each exon...
4.3K
Bacterial Toxins01:12

Bacterial Toxins

54
Bacterial toxins are sophisticated virulence factors that enable pathogenic bacteria to interact with, invade, and damage host tissues. These toxins fall broadly into two types: protein exotoxins, which are secreted into the environment and target specific host receptors, and lipopolysaccharide endotoxins, which are structural components of the bacterial outer membrane released primarily during bacterial lysis or membrane shedding. Exotoxins generally act more selectively, binding to cell...
54

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same authorSame journal

Cover cropping enhances fruit quality in protected citrus cultivation by modulating rhizosphere microbiome and iron availability.

Frontiers in plant science·2026
Same author

Impedance reshaping control of LCL grid-connected inverters under weak grid conditions: digital delay compensation and robustness enhancement.

Scientific reports·2026
Same author

Construction and Validation of a 90-Day Mortality Risk Prediction Model Based on Interpretable Machine Learning for Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients Undergoing Mechanical Thrombectomy.

Journal of clinical medicine·2026
Same author

Targeting NOX4 with Quercetagetin-PLGA nanomaterials: a novel therapeutic strategy for Alzheimer's disease.

Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology·2026
Same author

PUB13-Mediated Degradation of PBS3 Regulates Salicylic Acid Biosynthesis to Coordinate Plant Immunity and Leaf Longevity.

Plant communications·2026
Same author

Integrated genomic and phenotypic analysis of an endophytic bacterium reveals biocontrol and plant growth-promoting mechanisms.

iScience·2026
Same journal

Machine-learning-assisted comparative analysis of rice growth and yield formation in field and plant factory systems.

Frontiers in plant science·2026
Same journal

TomatoweedDet: a real-field multi-class weed detection dataset and YOLO benchmark for tomato production systems.

Frontiers in plant science·2026
Same journal

Genomic advances in orphan and underutilized Brassicaceae crops and their wild relatives.

Frontiers in plant science·2026
Same journal

Delayed sowing limits grain number per spike in wheat by restricting young spike differentiation through reduced photothermal resources.

Frontiers in plant science·2026
Same journal

Deterministic assembly and centralized networks define the <i>Pinus massoniana</i> rhizosphere mycobiota.

Frontiers in plant science·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 4, 2026

Agroinfiltration and PVX Agroinfection in Potato and Nicotiana benthamiana
07:33

Agroinfiltration and PVX Agroinfection in Potato and Nicotiana benthamiana

Published on: January 3, 2014

21.4K

TAL effectors and the executor R genes.

Junli Zhang1, Zhongchao Yin2, Frank White3

  • 1Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University , Manhattan, KS, USA.

Frontiers in Plant Science
|September 9, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study categorizes plant resistance (R) genes activated by bacterial Transcription activator-like (TAL) effectors. It groups cloned executor R genes based on protein structure, aiding future disease resistance strategies.

Keywords:
R geneTAL effectorsXanthomonas

More Related Videos

Applying an Inducible Expression System to Study Interference of Bacterial Virulence Factors with Intracellular Signaling
08:51

Applying an Inducible Expression System to Study Interference of Bacterial Virulence Factors with Intracellular Signaling

Published on: June 25, 2015

9.7K
Evaluating Virulence and Pathogenesis of Aeromonas Infection in a Caenorhabditis elegans Model
06:15

Evaluating Virulence and Pathogenesis of Aeromonas Infection in a Caenorhabditis elegans Model

Published on: December 20, 2018

8.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 4, 2026

Agroinfiltration and PVX Agroinfection in Potato and Nicotiana benthamiana
07:33

Agroinfiltration and PVX Agroinfection in Potato and Nicotiana benthamiana

Published on: January 3, 2014

21.4K
Applying an Inducible Expression System to Study Interference of Bacterial Virulence Factors with Intracellular Signaling
08:51

Applying an Inducible Expression System to Study Interference of Bacterial Virulence Factors with Intracellular Signaling

Published on: June 25, 2015

9.7K
Evaluating Virulence and Pathogenesis of Aeromonas Infection in a Caenorhabditis elegans Model
06:15

Evaluating Virulence and Pathogenesis of Aeromonas Infection in a Caenorhabditis elegans Model

Published on: December 20, 2018

8.1K

Area of Science:

  • Plant pathology
  • Molecular genetics
  • Bacterial-plant interactions

Background:

  • Transcription activator-like (TAL) effectors are bacterial proteins crucial in plant-pathogen interactions.
  • Three types of TAL effector-associated resistance (R) genes exist: recessive, dominant non-transcriptional, and dominant TAL effector-dependent transcriptional.
  • This review focuses on the latter, where R gene function relies on direct TAL effector binding to promoter elements.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss dominant TAL effector-dependent transcriptional resistance (executor R genes).
  • To categorize the five cloned executor R genes based on protein characteristics.
  • To explore potential applications in developing new plant disease resistance strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and comparative analysis of cloned executor R genes.
  • Categorization of protein products into two groups based on predicted function and structure.
  • Examination of sequence similarities and potential functional domains.

Main Results:

  • Executor R genes were conceptually grouped into two categories.
  • Group 1 includes BS3 (pepper), predicted to have catalytic function.
  • Group 2 includes BS4C-R, XA27, XA10, and XA23 (pepper/rice), characterized by short proteins with transmembrane domains.

Conclusions:

  • The cloned executor R genes exhibit distinct structural and predicted functional differences.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the precise functions of Group 2 proteins.
  • These R genes represent a valuable resource for engineering novel disease resistance in plants.