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Updated: Apr 4, 2026

Engineering 3D Cellularized Collagen Gels for Vascular Tissue Regeneration
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Bioengineering vascularized tissue constructs using an injectable cell-laden enzymatically crosslinked collagen

Kuan-Chih Kuo1, Ruei-Zeng Lin2, Han-Wen Tien1

  • 1Department of Applied Science, National Hsinchu University of Education, Hsinchu 30014, Taiwan, ROC.

Acta Biomaterialia
|September 9, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Injectable collagen-Ph hydrogels support rapid formation of vascular networks for tissue engineering. These engineered tissues promote cell differentiation and integration with host vasculature, advancing regenerative medicine applications.

Keywords:
Collagen hydrogelsTissue engineeringVascularization

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Tissue Engineering

Background:

  • Tissue engineering aims to create functional artificial tissues for transplantation.
  • Large engineered tissues require efficient nutrient and oxygen delivery via perfusion.
  • Vascularization of engineered tissues is crucial for rapid integration with host vasculature.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop injectable collagen-phenolic hydroxyl (collagen-Ph) hydrogels with tunable properties.
  • To assess the ability of collagen-Ph hydrogels to support vascularized engineered tissue formation in vivo.
  • To evaluate the potential of these hydrogels for supporting cell differentiation and host tissue survival.

Main Methods:

  • Injectable collagen-Ph hydrogels were formulated with tunable stiffness, water absorption, and degradability.
  • Human endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were encapsulated within the hydrogels.
  • Cell-laden hydrogels were injected subcutaneously or into muscle defects in immunodeficient mice to form 3D constructs.
  • Vascular network formation, cell growth, and host tissue integration were assessed in vivo.

Main Results:

  • Extensive human ECFC-lined vascular networks formed within 7 days post-injection.
  • Engineered vascular density was controllable via hydrogel mechanical properties and degradability.
  • Formed vascular networks established functional anastomoses with host vasculature.
  • Optimized hydrogels enhanced long-term differentiation of transplanted MSCs into osteoblasts and adipocytes.

Conclusions:

  • Collagen-Ph hydrogels are suitable scaffolds for supporting human progenitor cell-based 3D vascular network formation in vitro and in vivo.
  • These engineered vascular networks promote host tissue survival and aid in cell differentiation.
  • The tunable nature of collagen-Ph hydrogels allows for manipulation of vascularization and tissue regeneration.