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Neuromuscular Fatigue and Physiological Responses After Five Dynamic Squat Exercise Protocols.

Christian Raeder1, Thimo Wiewelhove, Marc P Westphal-Martinez

  • 11Department of Training and Exercise Science, Faculty of Sports Science, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; 2Sports Research Centre, Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain; 3Department of Sport Psychology, Faculty of Sports Science, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; 4School of Human Movement Studies and School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; 5Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany; and 6Institute of Sports Science, Johannes-Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.

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Summary

Different dynamic squat protocols impact metabolic and neuromuscular responses differently. Flywheel and eccentric overload squats show higher metabolic demands, while neuromuscular fatigue persists for 48 hours across all tested methods.

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Area of Science:

  • Exercise Physiology
  • Sports Science
  • Biomechanics

Background:

  • Understanding the physiological and neuromuscular adaptations to various resistance training protocols is crucial for optimizing athletic performance and recovery.
  • Dynamic squat exercises are fundamental in strength and conditioning, but their acute responses can vary significantly based on the protocol used.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the neuromuscular, physiological, and perceptual responses to five distinct dynamic squat exercise protocols in resistance-trained athletes.
  • To analyze the immediate and delayed effects of traditional multiple sets, drop sets, eccentric overload, flywheel YoYo squat, and plyometric jump squats on key performance and recovery markers.

Main Methods:

  • Fifteen male resistance-trained athletes participated in a randomized crossover study, performing five different dynamic squat protocols: traditional multiple sets (MS), drop sets (DS), eccentric overload (EO), flywheel YoYo squat (FW), and plyometric jump (PJ).
  • Measurements included blood lactate (La), ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), countermovement jump height (CMJ), multiple rebound jump (MRJ) performance, maximal voluntary isometric contraction force, serum creatine kinase (CK), and delayed onset muscle soreness.
  • Data were collected immediately post-exercise and at 24 and 48 hours to assess acute and delayed responses.

Main Results:

  • Immediately post-exercise, blood lactate levels were significantly higher with FW and lower with PJ compared to MS, DS, and EO, despite similar RPE.
  • Neuromuscular performance (CMJ, MRJ) remained significantly decreased for up to 48 hours post-exercise across all protocols.
  • Drop sets, eccentric overload, and flywheel squats resulted in significantly lower MRJ performance at 0.5 hours post-exercise compared to plyometric jumps, with eccentric overload showing the lowest performance at 24 hours.

Conclusions:

  • Flywheel and eccentric overload dynamic squat protocols impose greater metabolic and perceptual demands compared to traditional multiple sets, drop sets, and plyometric jumps.
  • Neuromuscular fatigue is a consistent outcome, persisting for at least 48 hours following all tested dynamic squat protocols.
  • The choice of dynamic squat protocol influences acute physiological and neuromuscular recovery trajectories, highlighting the need for individualized programming based on training goals and recovery capacity.