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Related Concept Videos

Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management01:30

Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management

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The diagnosis of renal calculi involves several imaging techniques, including non-contrast CT scans and ultrasound. These methods help visualize kidney stones, assess their size and location, and detect possible obstructions. Additionally, Measuring urine pH is useful for diagnosing specific stone types, such as struvite (alkaline pH) and uric acid stones (acidic pH). Cystine stones are primarily linked to cystinuria, a genetic condition. A urinalysis helps detect blood in the urine (hematuria)...
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Urinary Tract Calculi V: Nursing Management01:28

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AssessmentSubjective Data: Obtain a detailed health history, including any recent or chronic urinary tract infections, periods of immobilization, previous episodes of renal calculi, and medical conditions such as gout, benign prostatic hyperplasia, or hyperparathyroidism. Review the medication history for drugs that may influence stone formation, including allopurinol, analgesics, loop diuretics, or thiazide diuretics. Document the use of long-term indwelling catheters and any past surgical...
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Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations01:26

Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

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Renal calculi, commonly termed kidney stones, are crystalline solid masses that form in the kidneys but can occur at any point within the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.The pathophysiology of renal stones involves several key factors: supersaturation of the urine with stone-forming constituents, changes in urine pH, a decrease in urine volume, and the presence of substances that promote or inhibit stone formation.Supersaturation of Urine: This is the...
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Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis01:21

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Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
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Urinary Tract Calculi IV: Nutrition Therapy and Prevention01:27

Urinary Tract Calculi IV: Nutrition Therapy and Prevention

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Management of renal calculi focuses on effective strategies like tailored nutrition and hydration therapy. Adjusting diet and fluid intake reduces stone formation and recurrence, making these interventions simple yet powerful in kidney stone prevention and management.Understanding Kidney StonesKidney stones form when calcium, oxalate, uric acid, and cystine concentrate and crystallize in urine. Factors contributing to their formation include genetic predisposition, certain medical conditions,...
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Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin00:51

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Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
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A Semi-Automated and Reproducible Biological-Based Method to Quantify Calcium Deposition In Vitro
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Calcinosis: pathophysiology and management.

Antonia Valenzuela1, Lorinda Chung

  • 1Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA.

Current Opinion in Rheumatology
|September 10, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Calcinosis cutis, a skin condition affecting nearly a quarter of systemic sclerosis patients, involves calcium deposits. It is linked to disease duration and specific antibodies, with surgery being the primary treatment.

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Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Rheumatology
  • Pathophysiology

Background:

  • Calcinosis cutis is characterized by calcium deposition in the skin and subcutaneous tissues.
  • It is a recognized complication in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the latest literature on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of calcinosis cutis in systemic sclerosis.
  • To synthesize current knowledge on this condition for better clinical understanding and management.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of observational studies, genetic studies in animal models, and case series/reports.
  • Analysis of epidemiological data, clinical features, diagnostic modalities, and therapeutic interventions.

Main Results:

  • Calcinosis cutis affects approximately 25% of SSc patients, correlating with disease duration, digital ulcers, acroosteolysis, and specific autoantibodies (anticentromere, anti-PM/Scl).
  • Proposed pathomechanisms include local trauma, chronic inflammation, and vascular hypoxia.
  • Mouse models are advancing the understanding of ectopic mineralization disorders.

Conclusions:

  • Calcinosis cutis is a significant manifestation in SSc, associated with specific clinical and serological markers.
  • Diagnosis can be clinical or aided by imaging like radiography, ultrasonography, and CT scans.
  • While various pharmacologic treatments show variable results, surgical excision of calcium deposits remains the primary therapeutic approach.