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Woodward–Hoffmann Selection Rules and Microscopic Reversibility

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Electrocyclic reactions, cycloadditions, and sigmatropic rearrangements are concerted pericyclic reactions that proceed via a cyclic transition state. These reactions are stereospecific and regioselective. The stereochemistry of the products depends on the symmetry characteristics of the interacting orbitals and the reaction conditions. Accordingly, pericyclic reactions are classified as either symmetry-allowed or symmetry-forbidden. Woodward and Hoffmann presented the selection criteria for...

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Stereoisomerism

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Isomerism in Complexes
Isomers are different chemical species that have the same chemical formula.
Transition metal complexes often exist as geometric isomers, in which the same atoms are connected through the same types of bonds but with differences in their orientation in space. Coordination complexes with two different ligands in the cis and trans positions from a ligand of interest form isomers. For example, the octahedral [Co(NH3)4Cl2]+ ion has two isomers (Figure 1) In the cis...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 4, 2026

Electron Channeling Contrast Imaging for Rapid III-V Heteroepitaxial Characterization

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From Bits to Images: Inversion of Local Binary Descriptors.

Emmanuel d'Angelo, Laurent Jacques, Alexandre Alahi

IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence

|September 10, 2015

Summary

Researchers show that image content can be reconstructed from Local Binary Descriptors (LBDs) using an inverse problem approach. This method bypasses the need for prior learning databases or non-binarized features, offering new insights into LBDs and potential applications.

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Last Updated: Apr 4, 2026

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Area of Science:

Computer Vision
Image Processing
Machine Learning

Background:

Local Binary Descriptors (LBDs) are widely used for mobile image matching.
The capacity of LBDs to retain sufficient information for image reconstruction has been underexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the feasibility of reconstructing original images directly from LBDs.
To generalize previous reconstruction methods by removing requirements for learning databases or non-binarized features.

Main Methods:

Utilized an inverse problem approach to develop a reconstruction scheme.
Assumed broad prior knowledge of the descriptor pattern.

Main Results:

Demonstrated direct image reconstruction from LBDs under general assumptions.
Revealed how different LBDs encode image information, highlighting variations in their geometric content.

Conclusions:

Image reconstruction from LBDs is possible, generalizing prior work.
Findings have implications for privacy concerning streamed image keypoints and for designing improved LBDs through analysis of their information encoding.