Microglia in Health and Disease
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Published on: April 13, 2017
Richard M Ransohoff1, Joseph El Khoury2
1Neuroinflammation Research Center, Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio 44195.
Abstract:
Microglia, the major myeloid cells of the central nervous system (CNS) are implicated in physiologic processes and in the pathogenesis of several CNS disorders. Since their initial description early in the 20th century, our ability to identify and isolate microglia has significantly improved and new research is providing insight into the functions of these cells in sickness and in health. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of the role of microglia in physiological and pathological processes of the CNS with a focus on multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease. Because of the prominent roles CX3CR1 and its ligand fractalkine played in bringing about these advances, we discuss the physiological and pathological roles of microglia as viewed from the CX3CR1-fractalkine perspective, providing a unique viewpoint. Based on the most recent studies of molecular profiling of microglia, we also propose a molecular and functional definition of microglia that incorporates the properties attributed to these cells in recent years.
Insights
Microglia, central nervous system myeloid cells, are key in health and disease. Research highlights their roles in conditions like Alzheimer's and multiple sclerosis, offering a new definition for these vital cells.
Area of Science:
- Neuroscience
- Immunology
- Cell Biology
Background:
- Microglia are the primary myeloid immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS).
- Their functions in both normal physiology and CNS disease pathogenesis are increasingly recognized.
- Advances in isolation techniques have spurred new research into microglial roles.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review recent advancements in understanding microglial function in the CNS.
- To focus on the roles of microglia in multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease.
- To propose a molecular and functional definition of microglia based on recent findings.
Main Methods:
- Review of recent scientific literature.
- Focus on studies involving the CX3CR1-fractalkine pathway.
- Analysis of molecular profiling data of microglia.
Main Results:
- Microglia play significant roles in CNS physiological and pathological processes.
- The CX3CR1-fractalkine axis is crucial for understanding microglial functions.
- Recent molecular profiling provides a basis for a refined definition of microglia.
Conclusions:
- Microglia are central to CNS health and disease, particularly in neurodegenerative conditions.
- The CX3CR1-fractalkine pathway offers a unique perspective on microglial biology.
- A new molecular and functional definition of microglia is proposed, integrating recent discoveries.
