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Hepatitis

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver.

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test

In clinical practice, the direct measurement of hepatic blood flow to evaluate liver function presents significant challenges due to the intricate and specialized nature of the necessary techniques. Consequently, healthcare professionals often rely on empirical estimates derived from thorough patient examinations and liver function tests to gauge liver health. Among the tools at their disposal, the Child–Pugh and MELD scoring systems stand out for their ability to categorize and assess...

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Drug Dosing and Hepatic Blood Flow

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Drug Dosing and Hepatic Blood Flow

Chronic liver disease significantly impacts drug metabolism due to alterations in hepatic blood flow and enzyme accessibility. This disruption affects the body's pharmacokinetics—the movement and processing of drugs within the system. Key enzymes crucial for metabolizing medications become less accessible, changing how drugs are processed and utilized. Furthermore, liver disease influences the synthesis of plasma proteins, such as albumin and globulins, which play critical roles in drug...

Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder

Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder

Liver and gallbladder diseases are a significant health concern, with prominent conditions including cirrhosis, hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and gallstones. Jaundice is a common manifestation of liver and biliary disease.
Cirrhosis is characterized by the scarring of hepatic lobules in the liver, which are replaced by fibrous tissue, affecting the liver's normal functioning. NAFLD, on the other hand, is caused by an excessive build-up of fat in the liver, not...

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Active Drug, Metabolite and Fraction of Metabolized Drug

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Active Drug, Metabolite and Fraction of Metabolized Drug

In pharmacotherapy, monitoring drug concentrations is paramount, especially for drugs whose therapeutic effects hinge on both the active compound and its metabolite. Hepatic impairment profoundly influences drug potency by altering liver function. If the drug is more potent than its metabolite, impaired liver function amplifies drug activity due to elevated drug concentration levels. Conversely, if the metabolite holds greater potency, diminished liver function diminishes drug activity by...

Esophageal Varices-II: Clinical Features and Management

Esophageal Varices-II: Clinical Features and Management

Esophageal varices often manifest as gastrointestinal bleeding episodes, presenting symptoms like hematemesis (vomiting of blood), hematochezia (passing fresh blood via the rectum), and melena (black, tarry stools). Other signs can include weight loss, anorexia, abdominal discomfort, jaundice, pruritus, altered mental status, and muscle cramps.
In the initial assessment, a thorough review of the patient's medical history is vital to identify risk factors such as liver disease, alcohol...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 4, 2026

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks

Published on: June 26, 2020

Current Knowledge on Hepatitis E.

María Teresa Pérez-Gracia¹, Mario García¹, Beatriz Suay¹

¹Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Farmacia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Valencia, Spain;

Journal of Clinical and Translational Hepatology

|September 11, 2015

Summary

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) shows genetic diversity, with zoonotic strains (genotypes 3 and 4) found in animals and humans. Vaccines offer effective prevention against this significant cause of viral hepatitis.

Keywords:

HEV Hepatitis E Hepatitis E virus Zoonosis

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Published on: May 10, 2022

Area of Science:

Virology
Hepatology
Vaccinology
Public Health

Background:

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a significant cause of acute viral hepatitis globally.
HEV exhibits genetic diversity, with distinct genotypes affecting humans and animals.
Transmission occurs primarily via the fecal-oral route, with HEV causing waterborne outbreaks and sporadic cases.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the genetic variation and epidemiology of Hepatitis E virus.
To highlight the zoonotic potential of HEV genotypes 3 and 4.
To discuss HEV transmission routes, clinical manifestations, and preventive strategies, including vaccination.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature and sequence data from public databases.
Analysis of HEV genotypes, host range, and geographical distribution.
Summary of transmission dynamics, clinical outcomes, and vaccine efficacy.

Main Results:

Four major HEV genotypes are recognized, with genotypes 1 and 2 primarily human-restricted and genotypes 3 and 4 zoonotic.
HEV strains have been identified in various animal species, including swine, deer, and rabbits.
HEV infection typically results in self-limiting hepatitis, but can lead to fatal fulminant hepatic failure, especially in pregnant women.

Conclusions:

Hepatitis E virus represents a global health concern due to its diverse genotypes and zoonotic potential.
Effective preventive measures, including subunit vaccines like HEV 239 (Hecolin®), are available.
Continued surveillance and research are crucial for controlling HEV transmission and disease.