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This paper offers guidance for conducting effective design studies in visualization research. It defines design studies and proposes a 9-stage framework, drawing on extensive experience and literature review for practical insights.

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Area of Science:

  • Information Visualization
  • Human-Computer Interaction
  • Computer Science

Background:

  • Design studies are a popular problem-driven visualization research method.
  • Existing guidance on conducting design studies effectively is limited.
  • This paper addresses the need for structured methodological support.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide definitions and a methodological framework for design studies.
  • To offer practical guidance for conducting design studies.
  • To compare design study methodology with other qualitative field work approaches.

Main Methods:

  • Reflection on twenty-one conducted design studies and a review of many more.
  • Extensive literature review of field work methods and methodologies.
  • Development of a 9-stage methodological framework with practical guidance.

Main Results:

  • A clear definition of a design study is provided.
  • A methodological framework with 9 stages (learn, winnow, cast, discover, design, implement, deploy, reflect, write) is proposed.
  • Characterization of design studies using task clarity and information location axes.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed framework and guidance enhance the effectiveness of design studies.
  • Understanding the contribution, suitability, and uniqueness of design studies is clarified.
  • Design study methodology is compared to ethnography, grounded theory, and action research.