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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to the Human Microbiota01:22

Introduction to the Human Microbiota

79
Microorganisms colonize various regions of the human body, including the mouth, nasal passages, throat, stomach, intestines, urogenital tract, and skin. The total number of microbial cells is estimated to range from 10¹³ to 10¹⁴—comparable to, or exceeding, the number of human somatic cells. This host–microbiome relationship has led to the conceptualization of humans as supraorganisms, wherein microbial communities perform vital roles in development, immunity,...
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Development of Human Microbiota01:30

Development of Human Microbiota

36
The human microbiota begins developing at birth and undergoes continual change as we age. Infancy marks a critical period of microbial sensitivity, offering a “window of opportunity” during which beneficial microbes help mature the immune system. By age three, children typically develop a more stable and diverse microbial community. Newborns acquire microbes from their immediate environment; vaginal delivery favors maternal vaginal microbes, while cesarean births favor microbes from...
36
The Oral Microbiota01:27

The Oral Microbiota

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The oral microbiome includes a complex ecosystem comprising over 700 microbial species, identified through genomic sequencing and culture-based analyses to date. This community includes a core microbiome, found universally among individuals, and a variable component influenced by environmental factors such as diet, lifestyle, and host genetics. Site-specific conditions, including oxygen gradients, pH levels, and nutrient availability, determine the spatial distribution of these microorganisms...
39
Microbiota of the Urogenital Tract01:28

Microbiota of the Urogenital Tract

41
The human urogenital system, once thought to be sterile in healthy individuals, is now recognized as a complex microbial habitat. Advancements in molecular sequencing techniques have revealed that even in healthy adults, the kidneys and bladder harbor microbial populations similar to those found in the distal urethra, albeit in much lower abundance. These resident microorganisms, while generally innocuous, can become opportunistic pathogens under conditions that alter the urogenital...
41
Microbiome of the Eye01:22

Microbiome of the Eye

38
The human eye has a specialized microbiota that reflects its unique anatomical and immunological environment. This low-biomass microbial community predominantly colonizes the conjunctiva and eyelid margins, playing a vital role in ocular surface homeostasis and defense. Despite its proximity to the richly colonized facial skin, the ocular surface maintains a distinct microbial profile due to continuous mechanical and biochemical defense mechanisms.The conjunctival surface hosts fewer microbial...
38
Microbiota of the Respiratory Tract01:29

Microbiota of the Respiratory Tract

36
The human respiratory tract, comprising the upper and lower segments, serves as a critical interface with the external environment. The upper respiratory tract (URT)—including the nostrils, sinuses, pharynx, and oropharynx—is heavily colonized by microbes, while the lower respiratory tract (LRT), composed of the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs, was long thought to be sterile. However, recent molecular studies have revealed that the lungs are not devoid of microbes but act more...
36

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Microbiota Analysis Using Two-step PCR and Next-generation 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing
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Understanding Microbiome Data: A Primer for Clinicians.

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    The human gut microbiome, composed of trillions of microorganisms, plays a crucial role in health and disease. Understanding its complex interactions and measuring its composition are key to developing new therapies for conditions like inflammatory bowel disease.

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    Area of Science:

    • Microbiology
    • Human Physiology
    • Genomics

    Background:

    • The human gut harbors a vast microbial ecosystem (gut microbiota) co-evolving with the host.
    • This 'hidden organ' significantly influences gut physiology and overall human health.
    • Studying the gut microbiota presents challenges for clinicians.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review the structure, roles, and methods for capturing and measuring gut microbiota.
    • To explore the impact of gut microbiota on human health and disease.
    • To highlight the potential of metagenomics in understanding microbial functions.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of existing literature on gut microbiota.
    • Analysis of microbial composition and biodiversity.
    • Exploration of metagenomic approaches for functional analysis.

    Main Results:

    • Gut microbiota composition is unique per individual, dominated by four major phyla, and exhibits stability and resilience.
    • Dysbiosis, an imbalance in microbiota, is linked to diseases like inflammatory bowel disease, characterized by reduced diversity.
    • Metagenomics reveals the potential functions of gut microbes, with the microbial metagenome vastly exceeding the human genome in size.

    Conclusions:

    • Integrated analysis of clinical data and microbiome factors is essential for understanding host-microbe interactions.
    • Further research into gut microbiota dynamics and host interactions will yield insights into pathophysiology.
    • This understanding can lead to novel biomarkers, probiotics, prebiotics, and therapies.