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Vision

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.

Visual System

Visual System

Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
Once through the pupil, the light passes through the lens, a...

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex....

Parallel Processing

Parallel Processing

The brain processes sensory information rapidly due to parallel processing, which involves sending data across multiple neural pathways at the same time. This method allows the brain to manage various sensory qualities, such as shapes, colors, movements, and locations, all concurrently. For instance, when observing a forest landscape, the brain simultaneously processes the movement of leaves, the shapes of trees, the depth between them, and the various shades of green. This enables a quick and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 3, 2026

Investigating the Deployment of Visual Attention Before Accurate and Averaging Saccades via Eye Tracking and Assessment of Visual Sensitivity

Investigating the Deployment of Visual Attention Before Accurate and Averaging Saccades via Eye Tracking and Assessment of Visual Sensitivity

Published on: March 18, 2019

Saccadic modulation of stimulus processing in primary visual cortex.

James M McFarland¹, Adrian G Bondy^2,3, Richard C Saunders⁴

¹Department of Biology and Program in Neuroscience and Cognitive Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.

Nature Communications

|September 16, 2015

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Saccadic eye movements significantly modulate neural processing in the primary visual cortex (V1). This study reveals biphasic firing rate changes in V1 neurons during saccades, influenced by extra-retinal signals.

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 3, 2026

Investigating the Deployment of Visual Attention Before Accurate and Averaging Saccades via Eye Tracking and Assessment of Visual Sensitivity

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Published on: March 18, 2019

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Published on: July 14, 2016

Stimulus-specific Cortical Visual Evoked Potential Morphological Patterns

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Published on: May 12, 2019

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Visual Processing
Primate Vision

Background:

Saccadic eye movements are crucial for primate vision.
Neural processing of visual input during saccades remains poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the effects of saccadic eye movements on neural processing in primary visual cortex (V1).
To analyze V1 stimulus processing during saccades with high detail.

Main Methods:

Utilized receptive-field-based models.
Employed an experimental design to isolate saccade effects on retinal stimulus.
Analyzed V1 neuronal activity during saccades.

Main Results:

Discovered robust perisaccadic modulation in V1.
Observed biphasic firing rate changes (divisive suppression followed by additive increase) during saccades.
Found similar, smaller modulations from microsaccades, likely originating from the LGN via extra-retinal signals.

Conclusions:

Saccades induce significant, biphasic modulation of V1 activity.
This modulation is influenced by extra-retinal signals and potentially inherited from the LGN.
Results provide a basis for integrating saccades into visual cortical processing models.