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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
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CRISPR-Mediated Reorganization of Chromatin Loop Structure
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R loops: new modulators of genome dynamics and function.

José M Santos-Pereira1, Andrés Aguilera1

  • 1Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa CABIMER, Universidad de Sevilla, Av. Américo Vespucio s/n, Seville 41092, Spain.

Nature Reviews. Genetics
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R loops, structures of RNA-DNA hybrids, are increasingly recognized for their roles in gene regulation but pose significant genome stability threats. Their accumulation due to metabolic factor dysfunction is linked to cancer and genetic diseases.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Genomics

Background:

  • R loops are nucleic acid structures comprising an RNA-DNA hybrid and a displaced single-stranded DNA.
  • Emerging evidence highlights their increased prevalence and physiological roles in transcription and chromatin structure.
  • R loops are also recognized as a significant threat to genome stability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on the mechanisms controlling R loop formation and resolution.
  • To explore the putative relationship between R loops and various diseases.
  • To understand the implications of R loop dysregulation in cellular processes.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on R loop biology.
  • Analysis of DNA and RNA metabolism factors involved in R loop regulation.
  • Examination of the consequences of R loop accumulation.

Main Results:

  • R loop formation is actively prevented by several DNA and RNA metabolism factors.
  • Dysfunction of these factors leads to R loop accumulation.
  • Accumulated R loops are associated with replication stress, genome instability, chromatin alterations, and gene silencing.

Conclusions:

  • R loops play critical roles in cellular functions but also pose risks to genome integrity.
  • R loop dysregulation is implicated in the pathogenesis of cancer and genetic disorders.
  • Understanding R loop control mechanisms is crucial for disease intervention.