Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Implicit Memories01:24

Implicit Memories

582
Implicit memories, also known as non-declarative memories, are long-term memories that function outside of conscious awareness. These memories influence behavior and skills without explicit knowledge. This type of memory is evident in tasks like playing tennis, snowboarding, and texting. Implicit memory has three subsystems: procedural memory, conditioning, and priming. This type of memory is essential in various activities, from everyday tasks to specialized skills.
One key aspect of implicit...
582
Hindsight Biases01:12

Hindsight Biases

4.5K
Hindsight bias leads you to believe that the event you just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn’t. In other words, you knew all along that things would turn out the way they did. Can you relate this to the phrase "Hindsight is 20/20" now? 
4.5K
Nonconscious Mimicry01:13

Nonconscious Mimicry

5.2K
Nonconscious mimicry occurs when individuals alter their mannerisms to match the behaviors and expressions of those nearby, without intention.
5.2K
Purposive Learning01:22

Purposive Learning

581
E. C. Tolman emphasized the purposiveness of behavior — the idea that much of our behavior is goal-directed. For instance, employees who aim for a promotion work diligently to meet their targets. Tolman argued that when classical conditioning and operant conditioning occur, the organism acquires certain expectations. In classical conditioning, a child might fear a dog because they expect it to bite. In operant conditioning, a person might consistently work overtime because they expect a...
581
Social Foundations of Self II: The Generalized Other01:20

Social Foundations of Self II: The Generalized Other

382
According to George Herbert Mead, as children progress beyond the game stage, they develop a more comprehensive understanding of societal rules and norms. This cognitive and social development enables them to internalize the expectations of the broader community, refining their ability to regulate behavior.Consistent participation in organized activities is crucial in helping children recognize that their actions are not isolated but contribute to a more significant, interconnected group...
382
Subconsciousness and No Awareness01:15

Subconsciousness and No Awareness

830
The concept of subconscious awareness refers to the processing of information below the level of conscious thought, which significantly influences both behaviors and decisions. It is also known as waking subconscious awareness. This complex level of cognition operates without the direct awareness of the individual, facilitating rapid and simultaneous handling of multiple information streams.
An illustrative example of subconscious processing is its role in problem-solving. Often, individuals...
830

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Representing objects and features in long-term memory: A case for direct feature-feature binding.

Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition·2026
Same author

Limited cue integration in metacognitive control decisions.

Memory & cognition·2026
Same author

Mending metacognitive illusions in JOLs: when neither cognitive nor metacognitive feedback is effective.

Memory (Hove, England)·2026
Same author

Nailing Down the Perceptual Explanation of the Date/Delay Effect in Temporal Discounting.

Experimental psychology·2026
Same author

Replicating the unconscious working memory effect: a multisite Registered Report.

Neuroscience of consciousness·2026
Same author

Contrast analysis for competing hypotheses: A tutorial using the R package cofad.

Behavior research methods·2025
Same journal

Music enhances associative generalization: Evidence from a memory integration task.

Memory & cognition·2026
Same journal

Video, text, and memory: An emotional verbal overshadowing effect.

Memory & cognition·2026
Same journal

Limited protective effects of multilingualism against age-related cognitive decline.

Memory & cognition·2026
Same journal

Validation of illustrated texts: Can pictures raise awareness of inconsistencies?

Memory & cognition·2026
Same journal

4I remember (and forget) your happy smiling face: Directed forgetting of emotionally expressive faces of in-group and out-group members.

Memory & cognition·2026
Same journal

Identity in the spotlight: Matching faces without overlapping features.

Memory & cognition·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 3, 2026

The Adventures of Fundi Intervention Based on the Cognitive and Emotional Processing in Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Patients
05:48

The Adventures of Fundi Intervention Based on the Cognitive and Emotional Processing in Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Patients

Published on: June 12, 2020

6.6K

No source memory for unrecognized items when implicit feedback is avoided.

Simone Malejka1, Arndt Bröder2

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany. malejka@uni-mannheim.de.

Memory & Cognition
|September 17, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Source memory for unrecognized items may be an artifact. Implicit feedback in recognition tasks can prompt re-evaluation, challenging discrete processing models in memory research.

Keywords:
Bayes factorRecognitionSignal detection theorySource memoryThreshold models

More Related Videos

Investigating the Neural Mechanisms of Aware and Unaware Fear Memory with fMRI
12:51

Investigating the Neural Mechanisms of Aware and Unaware Fear Memory with fMRI

Published on: October 6, 2011

13.7K
Using a Classroom-Based Deese Roediger McDermott Paradigm to Assess the Effects of Imagery on False Memories
08:53

Using a Classroom-Based Deese Roediger McDermott Paradigm to Assess the Effects of Imagery on False Memories

Published on: November 14, 2018

10.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 3, 2026

The Adventures of Fundi Intervention Based on the Cognitive and Emotional Processing in Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Patients
05:48

The Adventures of Fundi Intervention Based on the Cognitive and Emotional Processing in Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Patients

Published on: June 12, 2020

6.6K
Investigating the Neural Mechanisms of Aware and Unaware Fear Memory with fMRI
12:51

Investigating the Neural Mechanisms of Aware and Unaware Fear Memory with fMRI

Published on: October 6, 2011

13.7K
Using a Classroom-Based Deese Roediger McDermott Paradigm to Assess the Effects of Imagery on False Memories
08:53

Using a Classroom-Based Deese Roediger McDermott Paradigm to Assess the Effects of Imagery on False Memories

Published on: November 14, 2018

10.4K

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Memory Research

Background:

  • Previous research suggested source memory for unrecognized items supports bivariate signal-detection models over two-high-threshold models.
  • Starns et al. (2008) found residual source discriminability for old items misclassified as new, interpreted as evidence against discrete processing.
  • The two-high-threshold model posits that new responses arise from a state of uncertainty where source discrimination is impossible.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if implicit feedback in source memory tasks leads to artifactual source memory for unrecognized items.
  • To test the role of procedural artifacts in findings that challenge discrete processing models of item/source memory.
  • To compare a standard procedure with one that eliminates implicit feedback.

Main Methods:

  • Replication of Starns et al.'s (2008) procedure for collecting source judgments.
  • Comparison with a modified procedure designed to eliminate implicit feedback.
  • Analysis of source discriminability for items initially classified as new.

Main Results:

  • The study successfully replicated Starns et al.'s (2008) finding of residual source discriminability.
  • Source memory for unrecognized items was found to be likely an artifact of the experimental procedure.
  • Implicit feedback appears to prompt participants to re-evaluate recognition judgments, leading to source memory in the absence of item memory.

Conclusions:

  • The findings challenge the conclusion that discrete processing in source memory should be abandoned.
  • Source memory for unrecognized items may not reflect genuine memory retrieval but rather a procedural artifact.
  • The results suggest that careful consideration of experimental procedures is crucial for accurate interpretation of item/source memory data.