Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Apoptosis01:30

Apoptosis

17.0K
Apoptosis is a combination of two Greek words, 'apo' and 'ptosis,' meaning separation and falling off, respectively. Hippocrates used this word to describe gangrene, which was caused due to bandaging of fractured bones. Apoptosis was distinguished from necrosis in 1970 when John Kerr reported observations of morphological changes occurring during apoptosis. During one experiment, he observed that the disruption of blood supply to the liver tissue resulted in a size...
17.0K
The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

9.3K
The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
9.3K
The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:31

The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

9.2K
Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
9.2K
Autophagic Cell Death01:18

Autophagic Cell Death

5.0K
Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
Autophagy and Apoptosis
Autophagy can activate apoptosis. In normal conditions, the autophagy activating protein Beclin-1 and...
5.0K
Overview of Cell Death01:30

Overview of Cell Death

11.2K
Cell death is an essential process where the body gets rid of old or damaged cells. Cell proliferation and death need to be balanced, as an imbalance between the two may lead to cancer or autoimmune diseases.
Cell death was observed in the early 19th century, but there was no experimental evidence to prove it. In 1842, Carl Vogt first discovered cell death in a metamorphic toad; however, it was not termed ‘cell death.’ Scientists discovered different cell death pathways only in the...
11.2K
Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells01:17

Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells

5.6K
Cells undergoing apoptosis form apoptotic bodies that must be removed immediately to prevent inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and necrosis. Phagocytosis is carried out by professional phagocytes such as macrophages or  immature dendritic cells. Non-professional phagocytes such as  epithelial cells and fibroblasts also take part in this process; however, they are not as effective as professional phagocytes. 
Normal cells contain receptors that prevent them from being recognized...
5.6K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Comparative Effectiveness and Safety of Baricitinib and Ritlecitinib in Severe Alopecia Areata: A Real-World Monocentric Retrospective Study.

Dermatology and therapy·2026
Same author

Dose Adjustment of JAK Inhibitors for the Management of Moderate-to-Severe Atopic Dermatitis: A Single-Centre Retrospective Study.

Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)·2026
Same author

Real-World Long-Term Effectiveness and Safety of Secukinumab in Psoriasis: Up to 7 Years of Evidence from the Italian Landscape Psoriasis (IL PSO) Multicenter Retrospective Study.

Dermatology and therapy·2026
Same author

Beyond Psoriasis Area and Severity Index and Body Surface Area: An Italian Delphi Consensus on the Definition of Moderate Psoriasis.

Dermatology and therapy·2026
Same author

Longitudinal Response Trajectories with Dupilumab or Upadacitinib in Moderate-to-Severe Atopic Dermatitis: A Multicentre Real-World Study: IL-AD (Italian Landscape Atopic Dermatitis).

Dermatology and therapy·2026
Same author

Sustained control in atopic dermatitis: Are we approaching disease modification?

Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV·2026
Same journal

Spatiotemporal dynamics of lineage-specific epithelial maturation in the developing mouse stomach.

The International journal of developmental biology·2026
Same journal

Dynein axonemal assembly factors (<i>dnaaf</i>) 5 and 9 are expressed in ciliated organs of zebrafish embryos.

The International journal of developmental biology·2026
Same journal

A chloroquine sensitivity gradient induces tissue regeneration and maintenance phenotypes in planarians.

The International journal of developmental biology·2026
Same journal

Sialylated glycoproteins and sialyltransferases involved in mesoderm-derived organ formation during embryogenesis.

The International journal of developmental biology·2026
Same journal

The <i>Hydra</i> FGF family - dispersed across the genome and expressed locally.

The International journal of developmental biology·2026
Same journal

Correction: Inhibition of COX2 impairs angiogenesis and causes vascular defects in developing zebrafish embryos.

The International journal of developmental biology·2025
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 3, 2026

Detection and Isolation of Apoptotic Bodies to High Purity
12:17

Detection and Isolation of Apoptotic Bodies to High Purity

Published on: August 12, 2018

11.6K

Programmed cell death in the skin.

Antonio Costanzo1, Francesca Fausti, Giulia Spallone

  • 1Dermatology Unit, NESMOS Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.

The International Journal of Developmental Biology
|September 17, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Skin epidermal cells undergo cornification, a programmed cell death process crucial for skin barrier function. This review explores the mechanisms controlling this terminal differentiation and its preservation across species.

More Related Videos

Strategies for Tracking Anastasis, A Cell Survival Phenomenon that Reverses Apoptosis
12:55

Strategies for Tracking Anastasis, A Cell Survival Phenomenon that Reverses Apoptosis

Published on: February 16, 2015

18.8K
Histology Basics and Cell Death Detection in Honeybee Tissue
06:18

Histology Basics and Cell Death Detection in Honeybee Tissue

Published on: July 7, 2022

3.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 3, 2026

Detection and Isolation of Apoptotic Bodies to High Purity
12:17

Detection and Isolation of Apoptotic Bodies to High Purity

Published on: August 12, 2018

11.6K
Strategies for Tracking Anastasis, A Cell Survival Phenomenon that Reverses Apoptosis
12:55

Strategies for Tracking Anastasis, A Cell Survival Phenomenon that Reverses Apoptosis

Published on: February 16, 2015

18.8K
Histology Basics and Cell Death Detection in Honeybee Tissue
06:18

Histology Basics and Cell Death Detection in Honeybee Tissue

Published on: July 7, 2022

3.2K

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Dermatology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Epidermal cells in the skin undergo a unique programmed cell death called cornification.
  • This process is essential for forming a protective skin barrier.
  • Cornification involves significant cellular changes, including altered gene expression and structure.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current understanding of epidermal cornification.
  • To explore the mechanisms that regulate this terminal differentiation process.
  • To examine how cornification is conserved across different species.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of scientific articles on cornification.
  • Analysis of gene expression changes during epidermal differentiation.
  • Examination of key enzyme activation, such as proteases and transglutaminases.

Main Results:

  • Cornification involves epidermal cells stopping division, changing shape, and strengthening their cytoskeleton.
  • Gene expression reprogramming and activation of enzymes like proteases and transglutaminases are critical.
  • These events lead to the formation of resistant cornified structures essential for the skin barrier.

Conclusions:

  • Cornification is a complex, regulated process vital for skin barrier integrity.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is key to comprehending skin health and disease.
  • The fundamental processes of cornification appear conserved across species, highlighting its evolutionary importance.