Calcium and Phosphorus Detection Using Benchtop Versus Handheld X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometers

Area of Science:

• Forensic Anthropology
• Analytical Chemistry

Background:

• Elemental analysis of calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) aids in distinguishing skeletal from nonskeletal materials.
• X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) is a valuable, nondestructive technique for forensic applications.
• Portable XRF instrumentation offers potential for field use.

Purpose of the Study:

• To evaluate handheld XRF performance in air against a benchtop XRF device with controlled atmosphere.
• To assess the impact of measurement atmosphere on Ca/P ratio determination.

Main Methods:

• Comparison of handheld XRF (air analysis) and benchtop XRF (controlled atmosphere).
• Elemental analysis focusing on calcium and phosphorus detection.

Main Results:

• Both XRF instruments effectively differentiate skeletal from nonskeletal remains.
• Measurement atmosphere significantly affects Ca/P ratios due to altered detection levels.
• Air analysis resulted in significantly lower phosphorus detection.

Conclusions:

• Consistent analysis conditions are crucial for reliable Ca/P ratio comparisons.
• Handheld XRF is viable for distinguishing skeletal material, but atmospheric effects must be considered.
• Standardized protocols are needed for inter-instrumental comparison of Ca/P ratios.