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Related Concept Videos

Population Growth00:57

Population Growth

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Population size is dynamic, increasing with birth rates and immigration, and decreasing with death rates and emigration. In ideal conditions with unlimited resources, populations can increase exponentially, which plots as a J-shaped growth rate curve of population size against time. This type of curve is characteristic of newly-introduced invasive species, or populations that have suffered catastrophic declines and are rebounding.
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Predator-Prey Interactions02:39

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Predators consume prey for energy. Predators that acquire prey and prey that avoid predation both increase their chances of survival and reproduction (i.e., fitness). Routine predator-prey interactions elicit mutual adaptations that improve predator offenses, such as claws, teeth, and speed, as well as prey defenses, including crypsis, aposematism, and mimicry. Thus, predator-prey interactions resemble an evolutionary arms race.
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Microbial predation refers to the process by which one microorganism kills and consumes another to obtain nutrients and energy. It encompasses both bacterial and protozoan predators. This interaction plays a crucial role in shaping microbial communities and regulating nutrient cycling.Bacterial Predators: Epibiotic vs. EndobioticBacterial predators are classified based on their mode of attack as either epibiotic or endobiotic. Epibiotic predators, such as Vampirococcus, attach to the surface of...
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Competition02:34

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When organisms require the same limited resources within an environment, they may have to compete for them. Competition is a net-negative interaction. Even if two competing individuals or populations do not interact directly, the overall fitness of both competitors is lowered as a result of not having full access to the limited resource.
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Frequency-dependent Selection01:21

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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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Plants often form mutualistic relationships with soil-dwelling fungi or bacteria to enhance their roots’ nutrient uptake ability. Root-colonizing fungi (e.g., mycorrhizae) increase a plant’s root surface area, which promotes nutrient absorption. While root-colonizing, nitrogen-fixing bacteria (e.g., rhizobia) convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into ammonia (NH3), making nitrogen available to plants for various biological functions. For example, nitrogen is essential for the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 3, 2026

Linking Predation Risk, Herbivore Physiological Stress and Microbial Decomposition of Plant Litter
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Invasive prey indirectly increase predation on their native competitors.

Max C N Castorani, Kevin A Hovel

    Ecology
    |September 18, 2015
    PubMed
    Summary

    Invasive mussels (Arcuatula senhousia) harm native bivalves through competition and by attracting predators. Managing invasive species requires understanding these indirect ecological effects.

    Area of Science:

    • Ecology
    • Invasive Species Biology
    • Marine Ecology

    Background:

    • Invasive prey interactions with native prey are often overlooked, particularly indirect effects.
    • The Asian nest mussel (Arcuatula senhousia) introduction in California estuaries has altered native bivalve communities, but mechanisms are unclear.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate direct and indirect interactions between the invasive Arcuatula senhousia and native bivalves.
    • To assess how Arcuatula influences native predator-prey dynamics.

    Main Methods:

    • Three field experiments were conducted to evaluate competition between Arcuatula and native bivalves.
    • Predator-prey dynamics involving Arcuatula and native clams were assessed.

    Main Results:

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    • Arcuatula reduces native bivalve recruitment (diversity, abundance, size) by occupying space.
    • Overgrowth competition by Arcuatula decreases native adult clam survival.
    • Arcuatula attracts native predators, increasing predation on native clams (apparent competition).

    Conclusions:

    • Invasive prey can indirectly increase native competitor predation by altering predator behavior.
    • The impact of invasive prey is exacerbated by their own vulnerability to predation.
    • Effective invasive species management must consider both direct and indirect ecological effects.