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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

42
Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver.
42
Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction01:24

Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction

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The pancreas, an elongated and flat gland situated behind the stomach, serves a vital function in digesting food and managing blood sugar levels.
Pancreatitis is the inflammation of the pancreas, which occurs when the immune system becomes active and causes swelling, pain, and disruptions in organ function. Pancreatitis can manifest as either an acute or chronic condition.
Acute pancreatitis arises suddenly and lasts for a brief duration, while chronic pancreatitis is a long-term affliction...
893
Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test01:22

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test

257
In clinical practice, the direct measurement of hepatic blood flow to evaluate liver function presents significant challenges due to the intricate and specialized nature of the necessary techniques. Consequently, healthcare professionals often rely on empirical estimates derived from thorough patient examinations and liver function tests to gauge liver health. Among the tools at their disposal, the Child–Pugh and MELD scoring systems stand out for their ability to categorize and assess...
257
Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder01:26

Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder

2.3K
Liver and gallbladder diseases are a significant health concern, with prominent conditions including cirrhosis, hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and gallstones. Jaundice is a common manifestation of liver and biliary disease.
Cirrhosis is characterized by the scarring of hepatic lobules in the liver, which are replaced by fibrous tissue, affecting the liver's normal functioning. NAFLD, on the other hand, is caused by an excessive build-up of fat in the liver, not...
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Chronic Pancreatitis II: Collaborative Care01:29

Chronic Pancreatitis II: Collaborative Care

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The management of chronic pancreatitis is multifaceted, involving a comprehensive approach that includes thorough assessment, diagnostic testing, and a variety of management strategies.
Assessment:
493
Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Drug Dosing and Hepatic Blood Flow01:26

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Drug Dosing and Hepatic Blood Flow

336
Chronic liver disease significantly impacts drug metabolism due to alterations in hepatic blood flow and enzyme accessibility. This disruption affects the body's pharmacokinetics—the movement and processing of drugs within the system. Key enzymes crucial for metabolizing medications become less accessible, changing how drugs are processed and utilized. Furthermore, liver disease influences the synthesis of plasma proteins, such as albumin and globulins, which play critical roles in drug...
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Chronic hepatitis E: A brief review.

Arvind R Murali1, Vikram Kotwal1, Saurabh Chawla1

  • 1Arvind R Murali, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA 52246, United States.

World Journal of Hepatology
|September 18, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hepatitis E is evolving from an acute waterborne illness to a chronic condition in immunosuppressed patients, often requiring antiviral treatment. This review covers its presentation, diagnosis, and management.

Keywords:
Chronic liver diseaseHematological malignanciesHepatitis E virusImmunosuppressionSolid organ transplantation

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Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Virology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection was historically viewed as acute and self-limiting, similar to Hepatitis A.
  • Recent evidence highlights zoonotic transmission and chronicity in humans, leading to progressive liver damage, cirrhosis, and extrahepatic manifestations (neurological, renal, rheumatological).
  • Chronic HEV predominantly affects immunosuppressed individuals, including organ transplant recipients, HIV patients with low CD4 counts, and those undergoing chemotherapy for hematological malignancies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the clinical presentation of chronic Hepatitis E.
  • To discuss recent advancements in the diagnosis of chronic HEV.
  • To explore current and emerging treatment and prophylaxis strategies for chronic Hepatitis E.

Main Methods:

  • This review synthesizes current literature on chronic Hepatitis E.
  • It focuses on clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods, and therapeutic interventions.
  • Information is drawn from studies on immunosuppressed patient populations.

Main Results:

  • Chronic Hepatitis E is characterized by persistent HEV RNA in stool or serum.
  • Spontaneous viral clearance is infrequent (approx. 33%) in immunosuppressed patients, necessitating treatment.
  • Ribavirin is a primary antiviral agent used in managing chronic HEV.

Conclusions:

  • Chronic Hepatitis E represents a significant clinical challenge, particularly in immunocompromised hosts.
  • Early diagnosis and effective antiviral therapy are crucial to prevent liver disease progression.
  • Further research into prophylaxis and novel treatment strategies is warranted.