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Related Concept Videos

Tension Response at Adherens Junctions01:26

Tension Response at Adherens Junctions

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The adherens junctions that anchor cells together are multi-protein complexes that dynamically adapt to mechanical stimuli such as tensile forces and shear stress. Mechanosensory proteins in these junctions can sense such mechanical stimuli and undergo a shift in their conformation, resulting in an altered function — a process called mechanotransduction.
α-Catenin as a Mechanosensory Protein
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Cell-matrix's Response to Mechanical Forces01:13

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In animal cells, the extracellular matrix allows cells within tissues to withstand external stresses and transmits signals from the outside of the cell to the inside. The extracellular matrix is extensive, and its composition varies between different types of tissues. For example, the reticular fibers and ground substance make up the ECM in loose connective tissue, while collagen and bone minerals make up the ECM of bone tissue. 
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Intracellular Signaling Affects Focal Adhesions01:17

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Integrins act both as extracellular input receivers and as intracellular processing activators. As their name suggests, integrins are entirely integrated into the membrane structure. Their hydrophobic membrane-spanning regions interact with the phospholipid bilayer's hydrophobic region. These membrane receptors provide extracellular attachment sites for effectors like hormones and growth factors. They activate intracellular response cascades when their effectors are bound and active.
Some...
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Anchoring Junctions01:03

Anchoring Junctions

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Anchoring junctions are multiprotein complexes that help cells connect to other cells and the extracellular matrix. Anchoring junctions are present on the lateral and basal surfaces of cells, providing strong and flexible connections. Focal adhesions are often formed due to cell interactions with the ECM substrata, which initiate signal transduction via kinase cascades and other mechanisms. Together, they provide stability and tissue integrity. There are three types of anchoring junctions:...
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Integrins01:10

Integrins

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Animal and protozoan cells do not have cell walls to help maintain shape and provide structural stability. Instead, these eukaryotic cells secrete a sticky mass of carbohydrates and proteins into the spaces between adjacent cells. This network of proteins and molecules is called an extracellular matrix or ECM.
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Mechanisms of Membrane-bending01:15

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The living membranes are flexible due to their fluid mosaic nature; however, their bending into different shapes is an active process regulated by specific lipids and proteins. The membrane bending can be transient as seen in vesicles or stable for a long time as in microvilli. Cells regulate the size, location, and duration of the membrane curvature.
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Tension Gauge Tether Probes for Quantifying Growth Factor Mediated Integrin Mechanics and Adhesion
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Bioreactive Tethers.

Karen Mruk1, William R Kobertz2

  • 1Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, 269 Campus Drive, CCSR 3150, 94305, Stanford, CA, USA. kmruk@stanford.edu.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|September 19, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Bioreactive tethers are chemical probes that offer new ways to study ion channel structure and function. These versatile tools can be modified to create advanced reagents for exploring ion channels.

Keywords:
AzobenzeneCysteine chemistryIon channel blockersLigandsProtein derivatizationQuaternary ammonium compounds

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Ion channel complexes are difficult to study using traditional biochemical techniques.
  • Their complex structure and lipid environment pose significant challenges.
  • Existing methods often lack the precision needed for detailed functional analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce bioreactive tethers as advanced chemical probes for ion channel research.
  • To highlight the utility of bioreactive tethers in electrophysiological studies.
  • To discuss the potential of tethers for manipulating ion channel function.

Main Methods:

  • The chapter reviews three classes of bioreactive tethers: photoswitchable, molecular rulers, and chemically reactive.
  • It emphasizes the use of these probes in electrophysiological experiments.
  • The modular synthesis of tether reagents is discussed.

Main Results:

  • Bioreactive tethers provide unique insights into ion channel structure and function.
  • These small molecular probes can manipulate ion channel activity in various biological systems.
  • The modular design allows for the creation of next-generation reagents.

Conclusions:

  • Bioreactive tethers represent a powerful and versatile tool for ion channel investigation.
  • Their adaptability facilitates the development of novel reagents with enhanced functionalities.
  • Future applications include precise interrogation and control of ion channels in diverse models.