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Rickettsioses in Europe.

Aránzazu Portillo1, Sonia Santibáñez1, Lara García-Álvarez1

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Summary

Rickettsia bacteria cause various rickettsioses in Europe, primarily transmitted by ticks. While louse-borne epidemic typhus is rare, flea-borne and tick-borne spotted fevers remain significant concerns, with new tick-borne diseases emerging.

Keywords:
DEBONEL/TIBOLA/SENLATEuropeFleasLARLiceMSFMitesRickettsialpoxRickettsiosisTicksTyphus

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Area of Science:

  • Medical microbiology
  • Infectious diseases
  • Zoonoses

Background:

  • Rickettsia and Orientia bacteria cause rickettsioses globally, transmitted by arthropod vectors.
  • In Europe, Rickettsia species are the sole cause of rickettsioses.
  • Improved hygiene has reduced louse-borne epidemic typhus, but recrudescent Rickettsia prowazekii infections persist.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the epidemiology and clinical manifestations of rickettsioses in Europe.
  • To highlight the significance of tick-borne rickettsioses as the primary source of infection.
  • To discuss emerging and less common forms of rickettsiosis in the European context.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of European rickettsiosis cases and studies.
  • Analysis of transmission routes including lice, fleas, ticks, and mites.
  • Identification of key Rickettsia species and associated clinical syndromes.

Main Results:

  • Tick-borne rickettsioses, including Mediterranean Spotted Fever (MSF) and MSF-like illnesses, are most prevalent.
  • Emerging tick-borne diseases like Lymphangitis Associated Rickettsiosis (LAR) and TIBOLA/DEBONEL/SENLAT have been identified.
  • Flea-borne rickettsioses (Rickettsia typhi, Rickettsia felis) and rare mite-borne cases are also reported.

Conclusions:

  • Tick-borne rickettsioses represent the major rickettsial threat in Europe.
  • Surveillance and diagnosis of flea-borne and emerging tick-borne rickettsioses are crucial.
  • Understanding diverse rickettsial pathogens and their vectors is essential for public health in Europe.