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Related Concept Videos

Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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Translation01:31

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Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
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Translation01:31

Translation

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Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
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Termination of Translation01:44

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The large ribosomal subunit has several important structures essential to translation. These include the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) - which is the site where the peptide bond is formed - and a large, internal, water-filled tube through which the nascent polypeptide moves. This latter structure is called the Peptide Exit Tunnel, and it begins at the PTC and spans the body of the large ribosomal subunit. During translation, as the nascent polypeptide chain is synthesized, it passes through...
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Termination of Translation01:44

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Cotranslational Protein Translocation01:20

Cotranslational Protein Translocation

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Translocation of proteins across membranes is an ancient process that occurs even in bacteria and archaebacteria. In fact, the components of the translocation machinery are still conserved between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
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Isolation of Translating Ribosomes Containing Peptidyl-tRNAs for Functional and Structural Analyses
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Translating the Untranslated Region.

Johannes Schwerk1, Ram Savan2

  • 1Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109.

Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)
|September 20, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Gene expression regulation via 3' untranslated regions (UTRs) is crucial for immune responses. Understanding these posttranscriptional controls and their links to disease is vital.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Immunology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Gene expression must rapidly adapt to environmental changes like stress or infection.
  • Multilayered regulatory elements control gene expression at various levels.
  • Posttranscriptional regulation, particularly of the 3' untranslated region (UTR), significantly impacts protein translation rates.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of posttranscriptional regulation of immune gene expression.
  • To focus on regulatory elements targeting the 3' UTR.
  • To explore the association between dysregulated 3' UTR control and human diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on posttranscriptional regulators of the 3' UTR.
  • Analysis of microRNAs, RNA-binding proteins, and long noncoding RNAs.
  • Delineation of regulatory interactions and disease associations.

Main Results:

  • Regulatory elements like microRNAs and RNA-binding proteins critically modulate immune responses by targeting the 3' UTR.
  • Synergistic and antagonistic interactions among these regulators fine-tune gene expression levels.
  • Dysregulation of 3' UTR-mediated control is linked to various human diseases.

Conclusions:

  • Posttranscriptional regulation of the 3' UTR is a key mechanism controlling immune gene expression.
  • Understanding these regulatory networks is essential for comprehending immune function and disease pathogenesis.
  • Targeting 3' UTR regulatory elements holds potential for therapeutic strategies.