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Related Concept Videos

Nucleotide Excision Repair01:38

Nucleotide Excision Repair

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DNA Distortion and Damage
Cells are regularly exposed to mutagens—factors in the environment that can damage DNA and generate mutations. UV radiation is one of the most common mutagens and is estimated to introduce a significant number of changes in DNA. These include bends or kinks in the structure, which can block DNA replication or transcription. If these errors are not fixed, the damage can cause mutations, which in turn can result in cancer or disease depending on which sequences are...
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Base Excision Repair01:54

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One of the common DNA damages is the chemical alteration of single bases by alkylation, oxidation, or deamination. The altered bases cause mispairing and strand breakage during replication. This type of damage causes minimal change to the DNA double helix structure and can be repaired by the base excision repair (BER) pathways. BER corrects damaged DNA sequences by removing the damaged base and restoring the original base sequence using the complementary strand as a template.
The first step of...
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Long-patch Base Excision Repair01:02

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Since the discovery of the two BER pathways, there has been a debate about how a cell chooses one pathway over the other and the factors determining this selection. Numerous in vitro experiments have pointed out multiple determinants for the sub-pathway selection. These are:
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Updated: Apr 3, 2026

Author Spotlight: Visualizing Single-Stranded DNA During DNA Repair for Therapeutic Insights
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Nucleotide excision repair in humans.

Graciela Spivak1

  • 1Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5020,USA.

DNA Repair
|September 22, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Nucleotide excision repair (NER) removes DNA damage via a conserved pathway. This review details human NER factors and the transcription-coupled repair (TCR) subpathway, crucial for active genes.

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Nucleotide excision repair (NER) is a fundamental DNA repair pathway conserved across organisms.
  • NER corrects DNA damage that distorts the double helix, ensuring genomic stability.
  • The transcription-coupled repair (TCR) subpathway specifically targets lesions in actively transcribed genes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the essential factors and complexes involved in human nucleotide excision repair (NER).
  • To discuss the transcription-coupled repair (TCR) subpathway of NER.
  • To comment on factors and metabolic processes influencing NER efficiency.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of seminal and recent studies on NER and TCR.
  • Analysis of molecular mechanisms and protein complexes in human DNA repair.
Keywords:
DNA repairGlobal genome repairNucleotide excision repairTranscription-coupled repair

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  • Synthesis of information on regulatory factors affecting repair efficiency.

    • Main Results:

    • NER involves lesion recognition, oligonucleotide removal, DNA synthesis, and ligation.
    • TCR is a specialized NER subpathway for actively transcribed genes.
    • Various factors and metabolic processes modulate the efficiency of human NER.

    Conclusions:

    • NER is a vital and conserved DNA repair mechanism.
    • TCR provides targeted repair for essential genes.
    • Understanding human NER factors and regulation is crucial for genomic health.