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Postencoding cognitive processes in the cross-race effect: Categorization and individuation during face recognition.

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  • 1Department of Psychology, Claremont Graduate University, 150 East 10th Street, Claremont, CA, 91711, USA. Michael.Ho@cgu.edu.

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Summary

The cross-race effect (CRE) shows people recognize same-race faces better than different-race faces. This study found that how we process faces after seeing them also impacts this effect, especially regarding social group orientation.

Keywords:
Cross-race effectEyewitness memoryFace recognition memoryOwn-race bias

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Social Psychology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • The cross-race effect (CRE) is a well-documented phenomenon where individuals exhibit higher accuracy in recognizing faces of their own race compared to faces of other races.
  • Social-cognitive theories traditionally attribute the CRE to differential processing during the initial encoding of faces, focusing on categorization and individuation.
  • Emerging research suggests that these processing differences may also extend to the postencoding, recognition phase.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether distinct categorization and individuation processes occur during face recognition, beyond initial encoding.
  • To examine the influence of postencoding social orientation (in-group vs. out-group) on the CRE.
  • To determine if these effects differ based on participant race.

Main Methods:

  • Experiments 1A and 1B utilized a divided-attention paradigm during face recognition to probe postencoding configural and featural processing.
  • Experiments 2A and 2B employed a social categorization paradigm to assess the impact of postencoding in-group and out-group orientation on face recognition.
  • Participant race (White and Black) was a key variable in analyzing recognition accuracy differences.

Main Results:

  • Postencoding configural processing impairments affected same-race face recognition more than cross-race face recognition.
  • Postencoding featural processing impairments, particularly for White participants, more significantly impacted cross-race face recognition.
  • An out-group social orientation impaired same-race face recognition for White participants, suggesting categorization effects at recognition, while in-group orientation showed no significant impact on recognition accuracy.

Conclusions:

  • Distinct categorization and individuation processes occur during face recognition, not solely during encoding.
  • Postencoding social orientation influences these recognition processes, with effects varying by participant race.
  • Models of face recognition, including the CRE, must incorporate processing differences that manifest both at encoding and during recognition.