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How efficiently do corn- and soybean-based cropping systems use water? A systems modeling analysis.

Ranae Dietzel1, Matt Liebman1, Robert Ewing1

  • 1Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.

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|September 23, 2015
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Summary

Optimizing agricultural water use efficiency (sWUE) requires balancing crop production with environmental protection, especially under variable climate conditions. The study defines sWUE to include water losses, crucial for sustainable farming.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Agricultural Science
  • Environmental Science
  • Systems Ecology

Background:

  • Agricultural systems face pressure to increase production and decrease water use amid climate variability and population growth.
  • Traditional water use efficiency metrics often overlook inefficiencies during wet conditions, leading to environmental degradation.
  • A systems-level definition is needed to integrate production and environmental goals, accounting for all water losses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a systems-level definition of water use efficiency (sWUE) that incorporates environmental quality.
  • To assess sWUE in corn and soybean cropping systems under varying precipitation scenarios.
  • To identify optimal precipitation levels for maximizing sWUE and minimizing environmental risks.

Main Methods:

  • Calibrated and validated the Agricultural Production Systems sIMulator (APSIM) model with 6 years of field data.
  • Simulated water use, loss, and grain production for corn and soybean systems.
  • Analyzed 28 years of historical and modified precipitation data to determine sWUE optima.

Main Results:

  • Systems water use efficiency (sWUE) was highest in years with average precipitation.
  • Optimal seasonal rainfall for sWUE was identified as 430 mm for corn and 317 mm for soybean.
  • Excessive rainfall beyond optimal levels increased water loss (runoff, drainage) without boosting yield, elevating environmental risks.

Conclusions:

  • Current agricultural systems in the Midwestern US are prone to water use inefficiency, particularly with increasing extreme weather events.
  • The developed sWUE framework provides a tool for evaluating cropping system performance for both production and environmental health.
  • Adapting farming practices to optimal water availability is crucial for mitigating environmental pollution and ensuring sustainable agriculture.