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The Mammary Glands

The Mammary Glands

The female breast is a hemispheric projection of variable size positioned anterior to the pectoralis major and serratus anterior muscles. A fascia layer composed of dense, irregular connective tissue connects it to these muscles.
Each breast features a pigmented projection known as the nipple, through which milk emerges via closely spaced openings of ducts, referred to as lactiferous ducts. Surrounding the nipple is a circular pigmented area of skin named the areola, which appears rough due to...

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Updated: Apr 3, 2026

Endoscopic Bilateral Nipple-sparing Mastectomy via a Single Axillary Incision with Immediate Pre-pectoral Implant-based Breast Reconstruction

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Published on: May 17, 2024

Breast Reduction.

Elizabeth J Hall-Findlay¹, Kenneth C Shestak

¹Banff, Alberta, Canada; and Pittsburgh, Pa. From Banff Plastic Surgery and the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Magee-Women's Hospital, and the Aesthetic Plastic Surgery Center of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center.

Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery

|September 24, 2015

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This CME article overviews breast reduction surgery principles, covering anatomy, patient selection, and surgical techniques. It aims to help practitioners achieve consistent, predictable results in nipple repositioning and tissue removal for aesthetic outcomes.

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Processing of Human Reduction Mammoplasty and Mastectomy Tissues for Cell Culture

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Published on: January 3, 2013

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Processing of Human Reduction Mammoplasty and Mastectomy Tissues for Cell Culture

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Published on: January 3, 2013

Area of Science:

Plastic Surgery
Surgical Anatomy
Operative Techniques

Background:

Breast reduction surgery aims to improve patient quality of life by addressing macromastia.
Understanding breast anatomy is crucial for successful surgical outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide an overview of breast reduction surgery principles.
To educate participants on relevant anatomy, patient selection, and surgical techniques.
To enable practitioners to achieve consistent and predictable results.

Main Methods:

Review of breast vascular supply and innervation.
Detailed explanation of inverted-T and vertical breast reduction approaches.
Discussion of preoperative markings, operative procedures, and postoperative care.

Main Results:

The article details the anatomical considerations for pedicle design in breast reduction.
Various surgical approaches are presented to optimize functional and aesthetic results.
Step-by-step operative procedures are outlined for predictable outcomes.

Conclusions:

Breast reduction involves nipple repositioning, parenchyma removal, and skin tailoring.
The article offers a balanced overview of techniques without promoting a single viewpoint.
Key elements include anatomy, patient selection, surgical technique, and complication management.