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Related Concept Videos

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The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
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The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
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Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
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Transcytosis is the process in which molecules are internalized by endocytosis, transported across the cell, and released through exocytosis from the opposite end of the cell. Molecules such as insulin, immunoglobulins, and certain nutrients are transferred through the recycling endosomes by recycling and transcytosis.
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Meiosis vs. Mitosis02:57

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Cell division is necessary for growth and reproduction in organisms. Mitosis aids cell growth and development by dividing somatic cells. In contrast, meiosis causes the division of germ cells and plays an essential role in sexual reproduction. Due to their unique functional requirements, mitosis and meiosis differ from each other in multiple aspects.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 3, 2026

Modeling Encephalopathy of Prematurity Using Prenatal Hypoxia-ischemia with Intra-amniotic Lipopolysaccharide in Rats
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Interpregnancy interval and birth defects.

Adel Mburia-Mwalili1,2, Wei Yang1,3

  • 1Environmental Sciences Graduate Program, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada.

Birth Defects Research. Part A, Clinical and Molecular Teratology
|September 24, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A long interpregnancy interval, defined as 36 months or more between pregnancies, is linked to an increased risk of birth defects. This finding highlights the importance of considering interpregnancy intervals in maternal and child health strategies.

Keywords:
birth defectsinterpregnancy intervalpregnancy spacing

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Health
  • Perinatal Epidemiology
  • Birth Defect Research

Background:

  • Interpregnancy interval (IPI) is a known risk factor for adverse birth outcomes.
  • Previous studies suggest a link between short IPI and negative outcomes.
  • The association between long IPI and birth defects requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between interpregnancy interval and the occurrence of birth defects.
  • To identify specific interpregnancy intervals associated with increased risk of birth defects.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective cohort study utilizing linked birth certificate and birth defects registry data.
  • Inclusion of 124,341 singleton live births in Nevada from 2006-2011.
  • Logistic regression analysis to determine independent risk factors for birth defects.

Main Results:

  • An interpregnancy interval of 36 months or more was independently associated with a higher likelihood of birth defects (AOR=1.16).
  • Other significant risk factors included male infant sex, advanced maternal age, Black maternal race, multiple previous births, smoking, and prescription drug use.
  • The reference interval for comparison was 18-23 months.

Conclusions:

  • A prolonged interpregnancy interval (≥36 months) is an independent risk factor for birth defects.
  • Maternal and child health programs should consider educating about the risks associated with long interpregnancy intervals.
  • Healthcare providers should counsel patients on optimal interpregnancy spacing.