Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Mechanisms of Retrovirus-induced Cancers01:51

Mechanisms of Retrovirus-induced Cancers

7.2K
Retroviruses are RNA viruses that have been shown to cause cancers in diverse species, including chickens, mice, cats, and monkeys. The RNA genomes of these viruses are first reverse-transcribed into single and then double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) copies. This dsDNA called proviral DNA then integrates into the host genome. Subsequently, the host cell transcribes the proviral DNA in concert with the chromosomal DNA. This leads to the production of viral RNA and proteins that assemble at the host...
7.2K
Mechanisms of Retrovirus-induced Cancers01:51

Mechanisms of Retrovirus-induced Cancers

3.1K
3.1K
Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

25.7K
Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
25.7K
Viral Structure00:56

Viral Structure

76.3K
Viruses are extraordinarily diverse in shape and size, but they all have several structural features in common. All viruses have a core that contains a DNA- or RNA-based genome. The core is surrounded by a protective coat of proteins called the capsid. The capsid is composed of subunits called capsomeres. The capsid and genome-containing core are together known as the nucleocapsid.
76.3K
Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

15.9K
Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
15.9K
Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

2.5K
The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...
2.5K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Efficacy and durability of immediate versus delayed single-dose HPV vaccination for persistent infection among young women in Kenya: a randomized, blinded, cross-over clinical trial.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

APOBEC3B regulates HPV replication by inducing R-loop formation and DNA damage.

PLoS pathogens·2026
Same author

Response of B Cells Specific for Polyomavirus-Derived Oncoprotein Is Predictive of Merkel Cell Carcinoma Tumor Control.

Cancer immunology research·2026
Same author

Nonavalent HPV vaccine to prevent recurrent anal or vulvar high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (VIVA trial): A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

International journal of cancer·2026
Same author

N(6)-methyladenosine modification of RNA is regulated by senataxin and E6 to control HPV replication.

Cell reports·2026
Same author

Post-attachment neutralization of HPV16 by antibodies derived from Gardasil-vaccinated women.

NPJ vaccines·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 3, 2026

A Comparative Approach to Characterize the Landscape of Host-Pathogen Protein-Protein Interactions
13:56

A Comparative Approach to Characterize the Landscape of Host-Pathogen Protein-Protein Interactions

Published on: July 18, 2013

11.7K

Human papillomaviruses: shared and distinct pathways for pathogenesis.

Denise A Galloway1, Laimonis A Laimins2

  • 1Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., Seattle, WA 98109, USA.

Current Opinion in Virology
|September 24, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Human papillomaviruses (HPV) infect epithelial cells, with alpha HPV linked to cancers and beta HPV to skin cancer development. Alpha HPVs utilize DNA damage pathways, while beta HPVs suppress them, influencing disease outcomes.

More Related Videos

Generation of Organotypic Raft Cultures from Primary Human Keratinocytes
07:26

Generation of Organotypic Raft Cultures from Primary Human Keratinocytes

Published on: February 22, 2012

19.9K
Dissecting Host-virus Interaction in Lytic Replication of a Model Herpesvirus
11:28

Dissecting Host-virus Interaction in Lytic Replication of a Model Herpesvirus

Published on: October 7, 2011

11.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 3, 2026

A Comparative Approach to Characterize the Landscape of Host-Pathogen Protein-Protein Interactions
13:56

A Comparative Approach to Characterize the Landscape of Host-Pathogen Protein-Protein Interactions

Published on: July 18, 2013

11.7K
Generation of Organotypic Raft Cultures from Primary Human Keratinocytes
07:26

Generation of Organotypic Raft Cultures from Primary Human Keratinocytes

Published on: February 22, 2012

19.9K
Dissecting Host-virus Interaction in Lytic Replication of a Model Herpesvirus
11:28

Dissecting Host-virus Interaction in Lytic Replication of a Model Herpesvirus

Published on: October 7, 2011

11.6K

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Oncology
  • Cellular Biology

Background:

  • Over 200 human papillomavirus (HPV) types infect diverse epithelial cells.
  • HPVs are classified into five genera, with alpha and beta genera being extensively studied.
  • Alpha HPVs cause anogenital cancers, while beta HPVs are implicated in non-melanoma skin cancers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the differential roles of alpha and beta HPV genera in cellular pathways.
  • To understand how HPV genus-specific mechanisms influence associated pathologies.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of HPV genus life cycles.
  • Examination of DNA damage pathway activation in infected cells.

Main Results:

  • Alpha HPV productive life cycle depends on DNA damage pathway activation.
  • Beta HPVs actively suppress DNA damage pathway activation.
  • These distinct pathway interactions correlate with different lesion types and malignancies.

Conclusions:

  • Differential manipulation of host DNA damage responses by alpha and beta HPVs is critical.
  • These mechanisms explain the distinct clinical manifestations and oncogenic potentials of different HPV genera.