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Related Concept Videos

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The cells of the blastocyst inner cell mass only remain pluripotent for a short time. This state of pluripotency and self-renewal can be maintained in embryonic stem (ES) cell culture by adding specific chemicals or growth factors to ensure the cells can continue dividing and later differentiate into different cell types. In some cases, the cells are grown on a feeder layer of differentiated cells, which provides the growth factors and extracellular matrix components necessary for stem cell...
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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 3, 2026

Reprogramming Primary Amniotic Fluid and Membrane Cells to Pluripotency in Xeno-free Conditions
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Hallmarks of pluripotency.

Alejandro De Los Angeles1,2,3, Francesco Ferrari4, Ruibin Xi4,5

  • 1Stem Cell Transplantation Program, Division of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Children's Hospital Boston, and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.

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|September 25, 2015
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Summary

This study defines the developmental potency of stem cells, focusing on pluripotent stem cells that can generate all cell types. It proposes methods to evaluate stem cell identity and provenance using molecular and functional hallmarks.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Stem cells possess self-renewal and differentiation capabilities, varying in developmental potency.
  • Pluripotent stem cells generate all organismal cell types, unlike lineage-specific multipotent or unipotent stem cells.
  • Evaluating stem cell potency requires functional assays and analysis of transcriptional, epigenetic, and metabolic states.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To define functional and molecular hallmarks of pluripotent stem cells.
  • To propose a checklist for evaluating stem cell potency.
  • To demonstrate the use of forensic genomics in validating stem cell provenance.

Main Methods:

  • Functional assays to assess stem cell capabilities.
  • Analysis of transcriptional, epigenetic, and metabolic profiles.
  • Application of forensic genomics techniques.

Main Results:

  • Identification of key molecular and functional characteristics distinguishing pluripotent stem cells.
  • Development of a comprehensive checklist for stem cell evaluation.
  • Validation of stem cell origin using forensic genomics.

Conclusions:

  • Pluripotent stem cells have distinct molecular and functional signatures.
  • A standardized checklist can aid in accurate stem cell identification.
  • Forensic genomics offers a robust method for verifying stem cell provenance.