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Related Concept Videos

Development of the Oral Microbiota01:28

Development of the Oral Microbiota

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The establishment of the oral microbiome begins before birth, challenging the long-held belief that the fetal oral cavity is sterile. The presence of oral microbes such as Streptococcus and Fusobacterium in amniotic fluid suggests that microbial exposure may occur in utero, potentially through translocation from the maternal oral or gastrointestinal tract. This early colonization primes the neonatal immune system and sets the stage for subsequent microbial succession. Maternal health,...
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Methods of reducing fever01:22

Methods of reducing fever

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The signs and symptoms of fever include hot and dry skin, flushed face, thirst, muscle aches, anorexia, headache, tachycardia, tachypnea, and fatigue. Elevated body temperature is reduced using two methods: pharmacological and nonpharmacological. Proper identification and treatment of the root cause of a fever is of utmost importance.
Pharmacological Methods of Reducing Fever:
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Viral Meningitis01:18

Viral Meningitis

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Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
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Types of Fever01:25

Types of Fever

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Fever can be triggered by several factors, including infections, nervous system disorders, certain cancers, blood diseases like leukemia, embolism, thrombosis, heatstroke, dehydration, surgical trauma, crushing injuries, and allergic reactions.
Here are the different types of fever:
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Development of Human Microbiota01:30

Development of Human Microbiota

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The human microbiota begins developing at birth and undergoes continual change as we age. Infancy marks a critical period of microbial sensitivity, offering a “window of opportunity” during which beneficial microbes help mature the immune system. By age three, children typically develop a more stable and diverse microbial community. Newborns acquire microbes from their immediate environment; vaginal delivery favors maternal vaginal microbes, while cesarean births favor microbes from...
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Patterns of Fever01:26

Patterns of Fever

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Before understanding the types and patterns of fever, it is essential to know its phases.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 3, 2026

A Neonatal Imaging Model of Gram-Negative Bacterial Sepsis
08:46

A Neonatal Imaging Model of Gram-Negative Bacterial Sepsis

Published on: August 12, 2020

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Microbiologic Agents in Parent-reported Neonatal Fever.

Kam Lun Hon1, Joseph Yuk Ting2, Chung Mo Chow3

  • 1Departments of Paediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong ehon@cuhk.edu.hk.

Journal of Tropical Pediatrics
|September 26, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Most neonates with parent-reported fever lack serious bacterial infection. However, tympanic temperature (Te) of 38°C or higher, or elevated C-reactive protein, warrants empirical antibiotic treatment in newborns.

Keywords:
Core temperatureE. coliFeverNeonatesempirical antibioticsrespiratory virusstreptococcus agalactiae

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Area of Science:

  • Neonatal Medicine
  • Pediatric Infectious Diseases
  • Clinical Microbiology

Background:

  • Parent-reported fever is a common reason for neonatal unit admission.
  • Distinguishing serious bacterial infections from benign causes in febrile neonates is challenging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the etiology and outcomes of neonates admitted with parent-reported fever.
  • To identify clinical predictors for serious bacterial infections in this population.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective review of 116 neonates admitted over 24 months for parent-reported fever.
  • Measurement of tympanic (Te) and core (Tn) temperatures.
  • Microbial cultures and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels analyzed.

Main Results:

  • Microbial pathogens were isolated in 23% of neonates.
  • Tympanic temperature (Te) ≥38°C demonstrated high sensitivity and predictive values for bacteremia.
  • Parent-reported fever was associated with a 6% incidence of bacteremia and 3% incidence of meningitis.

Conclusions:

  • The majority of neonates with parent-reported fever do not have serious bacterial infections.
  • Empirical antibiotic therapy should be initiated for neonates with Te ≥38°C or elevated CRP.
  • Clinical decision-making regarding antibiotic initiation requires careful consideration of temperature and inflammatory markers.