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The exosomes in tumor immunity.

Yanfang Liu1, Yan Gu1, Xuetao Cao1

  • 1National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology; Second Military Medical University ; Shanghai, China.

Oncoimmunology
|September 26, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Exosomes mediate intercellular communication and play dual roles in cancer immunity, often suppressing antitumor responses. This review explores exosome-mediated immunosuppression and their potential as cancer vaccines.

Keywords:
exosomesextracellular vesicleimmunosuppressionintercellular communicationtumor immunitytumor vaccine

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Cancer Research

Background:

  • Exosomes are nanovesicles mediating intercellular communication, released by most cell types, including cancer cells.
  • Tumor-derived exosomes (TEXs) are implicated in tumor progression, invasion, and metastasis.
  • Exosomes facilitate communication between immune and cancer cells, influencing tumor immunity.

Approach:

  • This review synthesizes current evidence on exosome-mediated immunosuppression.
  • It details how exosomes inhibit anti-tumor immune responses and induce immunosuppressive cells.
  • The review also covers the application of exosome-based vaccines and associated challenges.

Key Points:

  • Exosomes transfer cytokines, microRNAs (miRNAs), and mRNAs, crucial for cancer immune escape.
  • Tumor-derived exosomes (TEXs) inhibit immune cells like dendritic cells (DCs), NK cells, and T cells.
  • Exosomes also promote immunosuppressive cell populations, including myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and regulatory T cells (Tregs).
  • Immune cell-derived exosomes can also contribute to immunosuppression.
  • Exosomes derived from DCs and modified TEXs show promise as cancer vaccines.

Conclusions:

  • Exosomes are key players in tumor immunosuppression and immune evasion.
  • Exosome-based vaccines represent a promising avenue for cancer immunotherapy, though clinical challenges remain.