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The establishment of the oral microbiome begins before birth, challenging the long-held belief that the fetal oral cavity is sterile. The presence of oral microbes such as Streptococcus and Fusobacterium in amniotic fluid suggests that microbial exposure may occur in utero, potentially through translocation from the maternal oral or gastrointestinal tract. This early colonization primes the neonatal immune system and sets the stage for subsequent microbial succession. Maternal health,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 3, 2026

External Cephalic Version: Is it an Effective and Safe Procedure?

External Cephalic Version: Is it an Effective and Safe Procedure?

Published on: June 6, 2020

Authors' reply re: re: re: caesarean section should be available on request

Frank A Chervenak¹, Laurence B McCullough²

¹Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, USA.

BJOG : an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology

|September 26, 2015

Summary

No abstract available in PubMed .

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