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Related Concept Videos

The Antiviral System of Bacteria and Archaea: CRISPR01:23

The Antiviral System of Bacteria and Archaea: CRISPR

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CRISPR stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats is a adaptive immune system found in bacteria and archaea that protects against viral infections. This system enables prokaryotic cells to identify, remember, and neutralize foreign genetic elements, primarily bacteriophages, by storing fragments of the invader’s DNA as a genetic memory.The CRISPR immune response begins during an initial infection. Cas (CRISPR-associated) proteins play a central role in this...
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CRISPR and crRNAs02:53

CRISPR and crRNAs

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Bacteria and archaea are susceptible to viral infections just like eukaryotes; therefore, they have developed a unique adaptive immune system to protect themselves. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated proteins (CRISPR-Cas) are present in more than 45% of known bacteria and 90% of known archaea.
The CRISPR-Cas system stores a copy of foreign DNA in the host genome and uses it to identify the foreign DNA upon reinfection. CRISPR-Cas has three different...
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CRISPR01:59

CRISPR

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Genome editing technologies allow scientists to modify an organism’s DNA via the addition, removal, or rearrangement of genetic material at specific genomic locations. These types of techniques could potentially be used to cure genetic disorders such as hemophilia and sickle cell anemia. One popular and widely used DNA-editing research tool that could lead to safe and effective cures for genetic disorders is the CRISPR-Cas9 system. CRISPR-Cas9 stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced...
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CRISPR01:59

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CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing01:28

CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing

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The CRISPR-Cas system serves as a bacterial defense mechanism against invading genetic elements such as viruses and plasmids, forming the foundation for its adaptation as a powerful genome-editing tool. Originally discovered in prokaryotes, this system has been repurposed to revolutionize genetic engineering across a wide range of organisms, including plants, animals, and humans. The core component, Cas9, is an endonuclease derived from Streptococcus pyogenes, capable of introducing...
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RNA Interference01:23

RNA Interference

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RNA interference (RNAi) is a process in which a small non-coding RNA molecule blocks the post-transcriptional expression of a gene by binding to its messenger RNA (mRNA) and preventing the protein from being translated.
This process occurs naturally in cells, often through the activity of genomically-encoded microRNAs. Researchers can take advantage of this mechanism by introducing synthetic RNAs to deactivate specific genes for research or therapeutic purposes. For example, RNAi could be used...
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Identification and structure determination of a type III-Bv CRISPR complex that post-translationally modifies an associated toxin.

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Integrating mass spectrometry with Nanopore direct RNA sequencing for <i>de novo</i> modification profiling of bacteriophage MS2.

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A census of anti-CRISPR proteins reveals AcrIE9 and AcrIE13 as inhibitors of the <i>Escherichia coli</i> K12 type IE CRISPR-Cas system.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 3, 2026

Author Spotlight: Establishing CENP-E Knockout HeLa Cells &#8211; A Novel Approach to Study Kinesin-7 CENP-E Biology and its Inhibitors
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SnapShot: CRISPR-RNA-guided adaptive immune systems.

Joshua Carter1, Blake Wiedenheft1

  • 1Montana State University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bozeman, MT 59715, USA.

Cell
|September 26, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Bacteria and archaea possess adaptive immune systems called CRISPR-Cas. These systems, crucial for microbial defense, operate via acquisition, biogenesis, and interference stages, offering insights into microbial immunity.

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Bacteria and archaea utilize sophisticated adaptive immune systems.
  • These systems are based on CRISPR loci and Cas genes, classified into types and subtypes.
  • CRISPR-Cas systems are vital for microbial defense against foreign genetic elements.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize current knowledge of CRISPR-Cas immune systems.
  • To provide an overview of CRISPR-Cas system classification and function.
  • To highlight the key stages of CRISPR-Cas operation.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research on CRISPR-Cas systems.
  • Classification of Cas genes into main types and subtypes.
  • Description of the three main stages of CRISPR-Cas function: acquisition, biogenesis, and interference.

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Substrate Generation for Endonucleases of CRISPR/Cas Systems
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Selection-dependent and Independent Generation of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated Gene Knockouts in Mammalian Cells
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Main Results:

  • CRISPR-Cas systems are diverse, with at least three main types and eleven subtypes.
  • All CRISPR-Cas systems share three fundamental stages: acquisition, biogenesis, and interference.
  • This summary consolidates current understanding of these microbial adaptive immune mechanisms.

Conclusions:

  • CRISPR-Cas systems represent a significant area of study in microbial adaptive immunity.
  • Understanding the stages of CRISPR-Cas function is key to comprehending microbial defense.
  • This SnapShot serves as a concise overview of these complex and fascinating biological systems.