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Bone Structure

Bone Structure

Within the skeletal system, the structure of a bone, or osseous tissue, can be exemplified in a long bone, like the femur, where there are two types of osseous tissue: cortical and cancellous.

Spongy Bone

Spongy Bone

All bones comprise an outer layer of compact bone, and an interior made up of spongy bone tissue, also called cancellous or trabecular bone. In long bones, spongy bone tissue is mainly found in the interior of the epiphyses (broad ends of the bone).
Spongy bone is more porous, and less dense compared to compact bone. It is composed of concentric lamellae that are arranged irregularly to form the trabecular network. In some bones, the spaces between trabeculae contain red marrow, where...

Gross Anatomy of Bone

Gross Anatomy of Bone

The two main features of a long bone are the diaphysis and the epiphysis.
The diaphysis is the tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of the bone. The walls of the diaphysis are composed of dense and hard compact bone made of numerous osteons — the functional unit of the compact bone. The hollow region in the diaphysis is called the medullary cavity, which harbors the bone marrow. In infants and children, this marrow cavity is filled with red marrow, whereas in...

Compact Bone

Compact Bone

Most bones contain compact and spongy osseous tissue, but their distribution and concentration vary based on the bone's overall function.
Compact bone, also called cortical bone, is the denser, stronger of the two types of bone tissue. It is found under the periosteum and in the diaphyses of long bones, where it provides support and protection. The microscopic structural unit of compact bone is called an osteon, or haversian system. Each osteon is composed of concentric rings of calcified...

Bone Remodeling

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.

Classification of Bones

Classification of Bones

The bones of the human skeletal system are of varied shapes, sizes, and functions. They can be classified based on their shape and function into four major classes: long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones. Some classifications include a fifth type, the sesamoid bones, as a separate class, whereas others categorize them under short bones.
Long and Short Bones
The appendicular skeleton, particularly the upper and lower limbs, is primarily made of long and short bones. The...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 3, 2026

Three-dimensional Optical-resolution Photoacoustic Microscopy

Three-dimensional Optical-resolution Photoacoustic Microscopy

Published on: May 3, 2011

Characterization of bone microstructure using photoacoustic spectrum analysis.

Ting Feng, Joseph E Perosky, Kenneth M Kozloff

|September 26, 2015

Summary

This study shows that analyzing photoacoustic (PA) signals can assess bone health. Photoacoustic spectral analysis offers a non-invasive method to detect bone microarchitecture changes associated with osteoporosis.

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Cortical Bone Assessment Using Ultrasonic Guided Waves: A Reproducibility Study in a Healthy Population

Cortical Bone Assessment Using Ultrasonic Guided Waves: A Reproducibility Study in a Healthy Population

Published on: January 31, 2025

Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Medical Physics
Orthopedics

Background:

Osteoporosis is a bone disease causing decreased bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration.
Accurate assessment of bone microstructure is crucial for managing osteoporosis.
Current methods may involve ionizing radiation or be invasive.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the feasibility of characterizing bone microstructure using photoacoustic (PA) signal frequency spectrum analysis.
To evaluate PA spectral analysis as a non-invasive method for assessing bone health.
To explore the potential of PA spectral analysis for clinical management of bone diseases.

Main Methods:

Modeling and numerical simulation of PA signals on trabecular bone.
Analysis of PA signals from CT scans with varying trabecular thicknesses.
Linear regression fitting of quasi-linear photoacoustic spectra to quantify spectral slope.
Experimental validation using osteoporotic rat femoral heads with different mineral content.

Main Results:

Simulations demonstrated a correlation between thinner trabecular thickness and a higher spectral slope.
Experimental results on rat femoral heads agreed with simulation findings.
Frequency-domain analysis of PA signals provides an objective assessment of bone microstructure and deterioration.

Conclusions:

Photoacoustic spectral analysis is a feasible method for characterizing bone microstructure.
This non-ionizing, non-invasive technique shows potential for clinical evaluation of osteoporosis.
PA spectral analysis could aid in the management of osteoporosis and other bone diseases.