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The muscles of the pelvic floor and perineum are crucial for supporting the pelvic organs, controlling continence, and aiding in sexual function, childbirth, and core stability. They are typically divided into the superficial perineal layer and the deep pelvic floor layer.
Perineal Layer
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Vasectomy is a surgical form of male sterilization that involves severing and sealing the vasa deferentia, preventing sperm from mixing with semen during ejaculation. Because a vasectomy does not impact the testes' ability to produce testosterone, hormone levels, libido, and sexual function generally remain unchanged. While vasectomy is highly effective in preventing pregnancy, with a success rate near 99.85%, rare cases of recanalization (spontaneous reconnection) can occur. Although...
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Intrauterine Drug Delivery Systems01:21

Intrauterine Drug Delivery Systems

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Controlled-release systems for intravaginal and intrauterine drug delivery have been developed primarily for the administration of contraceptive steroid hormones. These delivery routes circumvent first-pass hepatic metabolism, thereby enhancing bioavailability and allowing for reduced systemic dosages compared to oral administration. Such approaches contribute to improved therapeutic efficacy and patient compliance, particularly in long-term contraceptive regimens.Intravaginal Drug Delivery...
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The ovarian cycle is meticulously regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. This cycle orchestrates the release of a mature oocyte, essential for reproduction.
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The uterine cycle begins with the menstrual phase, which is considered day one of the cycle and typically lasts about five days. This phase is characterized by the degeneration and shedding of the stratum functionalis, the functional layer of the endometrium.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 3, 2026

Anogenital Distance and Perineal Measurements of the Pelvic Organ Prolapse POP Quantification System
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Hormonal contraception and pelvic floor function: a systematic review.

Rita Champaneria1, Ruben Mamprin D'Andrea2, Pallavi M Latthe3

  • 1Birmingham Clinical Trials Unit, College of Medicine and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK. r.champaneria@bham.ac.uk.

International Urogynecology Journal
|September 27, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hormonal contraceptives may increase the risk of painful bladder and vulvar vestibulitis in women. Further research is needed to confirm these associations and understand their impact on pelvic floor function.

Keywords:
BowelContraceptionOralSexualUrinaryVaginal

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Area of Science:

  • Gynecology
  • Urology
  • Women's Health

Background:

  • Hormonal contraceptive use is widespread globally.
  • Existing research lacks clear evidence on hormonal contraceptives' effects on pelvic floor functions in premenopausal women.
  • Potential impacts on bladder, bowel, vaginal, and sexual health are not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review and determine the influence of hormonal contraception on pelvic floor functions.
  • To investigate the association between hormonal contraceptive use and various pelvic symptoms.
  • To hypothesize the effects of hormonal contraceptives on pelvic floor function.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of electronic literature databases from inception to March 2015.
  • Searched for terms related to contraception and pelvic symptoms (bowel, vaginal, sexual, urinary).
  • Included studies assessing symptoms in women using hormonal contraception; data extracted and combined where possible.

Main Results:

  • 13 studies were included from 429 identified citations.
  • Statistically significant links found between oral contraceptive use and interstitial cystitis (OR 2.31) and vulvar vestibulitis (OR 2.10).
  • Evidence regarding other pelvic floor functions and symptoms remains unclear.

Conclusions:

  • Oral contraceptives may influence pelvic floor function.
  • A potential increased risk for painful bladder conditions and vulvar vestibulitis is suggested.
  • More prospective data are required to establish causal relationships.