Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Acid Attack on Concrete01:21

Acid Attack on Concrete

991
When acids come into contact with concrete, they initiate a chemical reaction that dissolves the hydrated cement paste. This process leads to softening and structural weakening of the concrete. This issue is commonly observed in environments such as chimneys, sewers, and industrial settings. The severity of the damage increases as the pH of the water interacting with the concrete drops below 6.5. In particular, a pH under 4.5 can cause significant concrete damage.
The rate at which hydrogen...
991
Acids, Bases and Neutralization Reactions01:27

Acids, Bases and Neutralization Reactions

11.5K
Acids and bases play several important roles in biology. The pH of a biological system can significantly impact the function of biological molecules, including enzymes, proteins, and nucleic acids. For example, enzymes have optimal pH ranges for their activity, and changes in pH can denature or alter their structure, affecting their function. Acids and bases also play a crucial role in cellular signaling and communication. The pH of the extracellular fluid around cells can influence the...
11.5K
Acid Halides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis01:01

Acid Halides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis

3.8K
Hydrolysis of acid halides is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction in which acid halides react with water to give carboxylic acids. The reaction occurs readily and does not require acid or a base catalyst.
As shown below, the mechanism involves a nucleophilic attack by water at the carbonyl carbon to form a tetrahedral intermediate. This is followed by the reformation of the carbon–oxygen π bond along with the departure of a halide ion. A final proton transfer step yields carboxylic...
3.8K
Mixtures of Acids03:27

Mixtures of Acids

22.9K
The pH of a solution containing an acid can be determined using its acid dissociation constant and its initial concentration. If a solution contains two different acids, then its pH can be determined using one of several methods depending upon the relative strength of the acids and their dissociation constants.
A Mixture of a Strong Acid and a Weak Acid
In a mixture of a strong acid and a weak acid, the strong acid dissociates completely and becomes a source of almost all the hydronium ions...
22.9K
Mixtures of Acids01:19

Mixtures of Acids

1.2K
The pH of a solution containing an acid can be determined using its acid dissociation constant and initial concentration. If a solution contains two different acids, then its pH can be determined using one of several methods depending on the relative strength of the acids and their dissociation constants.
In a strong and weak acid mixture, the strong acid dissociates completely and becomes a source of almost all the hydronium ions present in the solution. In contrast, the weak acid shows...
1.2K
Corrosion of Reinforcement01:27

Corrosion of Reinforcement

704
The corrosion of steel reinforcement within concrete is a process influenced by the material's inherent properties and external factors. The high pH level of around 13, provided by calcium hydroxide present in concrete, initially protects the steel reinforcement by promoting the formation of a passive iron oxide layer on its surface.
However, over time and under certain conditions like carbonation, chloride ingress, and cracking this protective state can be compromised. Steel has areas with...
704

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Prenatal superficial musculoaponeurotic system anlage.

Morphologie : bulletin de l'Association des anatomistes·2025
Same author

Evaluation of a prophylactic transfusion program on obstetric outcomes in pregnant women with sickle cell disease: A single centre retrospective cohort study.

European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology·2023
Same author

Antenatal screening of small for gestational age: Impact on obstetrical management and neonatal outcomes in case of trial of labor after 37 weeks.

Journal of gynecology obstetrics and human reproduction·2021
Same author

[Original two steps management of an ectopic pregnancy on rudimentary horn in a patient with an unicornuate uterus: A unique case report with a literature review].

Gynecologie, obstetrique, fertilite & senologie·2021
Same author

Impact of COVID-19 on surgical emergencies: nationwide analysis.

BJS open·2021
Same author

Aspirin for the prevention of placenta-mediated complications in pregnant women with chronic hypertension.

Journal of gynecology obstetrics and human reproduction·2020
Same journal

Occlusal function and masticatory efficiency of sagittal malocclusions: a cross-sectional cohort study of orthognathic therapy.

Head & face medicine·2026
Same journal

Condylar position-dependent cerebellar connectivity changes in painful temporomandibular disorder: a brief report.

Head & face medicine·2026
Same journal

Three dimensional accuracy and stability of segmented Le Fort I osteotomy - a systematic review.

Head & face medicine·2026
Same journal

Effect of build orientation on fracture load and surface roughness of three-unit provisional fixed partial dentures fabricated by digital light processing.

Head & face medicine·2026
Same journal

Spathodea campanulata extract as an endodontic irrigant against Enterococcus faecalis: an in vitro and ex vivo study.

Head & face medicine·2026
Same journal

Impact of laser-assisted and different pre-treatment modalities on dentin surface interface and bond strength of fiber posts (In-vitro study).

Head & face medicine·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 3, 2026

Micro-dissection of Enamel Organ from Mandibular Incisor of Rats Exposed to Environmental Toxicants
08:12

Micro-dissection of Enamel Organ from Mandibular Incisor of Rats Exposed to Environmental Toxicants

Published on: March 29, 2018

10.8K

Enamel surface alterations after repeated conditioning with HCl.

W H Arnold1, B Haddad2, K Schaper3

  • 1Department of Biological and Material Sciences in Dentistry, Faculty of Health, School of Dentistry, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany. Wolfgang.Arnold@uni-wh.de.

Head & Face Medicine
|September 27, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Increasing hydrochloric acid (HCl) etching time on enamel significantly deepens erosion but does not affect surface roughness. The total enamel loss remains shallow and negligible.

More Related Videos

Development of Amelogenin-chitosan Hydrogel for In Vitro Enamel Regrowth with a Dense Interface
08:26

Development of Amelogenin-chitosan Hydrogel for In Vitro Enamel Regrowth with a Dense Interface

Published on: July 10, 2014

15.6K
Author Spotlight: Establishing an Accurate Microhardness Testing Protocol for Craniofacial Tissues
06:16

Author Spotlight: Establishing an Accurate Microhardness Testing Protocol for Craniofacial Tissues

Published on: April 26, 2024

1.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 3, 2026

Micro-dissection of Enamel Organ from Mandibular Incisor of Rats Exposed to Environmental Toxicants
08:12

Micro-dissection of Enamel Organ from Mandibular Incisor of Rats Exposed to Environmental Toxicants

Published on: March 29, 2018

10.8K
Development of Amelogenin-chitosan Hydrogel for In Vitro Enamel Regrowth with a Dense Interface
08:26

Development of Amelogenin-chitosan Hydrogel for In Vitro Enamel Regrowth with a Dense Interface

Published on: July 10, 2014

15.6K
Author Spotlight: Establishing an Accurate Microhardness Testing Protocol for Craniofacial Tissues
06:16

Author Spotlight: Establishing an Accurate Microhardness Testing Protocol for Craniofacial Tissues

Published on: April 26, 2024

1.4K

Area of Science:

  • Dental materials science
  • Surface chemistry
  • Biomaterials engineering

Background:

  • Enamel surface modification is crucial for dental treatments.
  • Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is used for enamel etching.
  • Understanding etching effects on enamel is vital for material application.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the impact of 15% HCl etching duration on enamel surface destruction.
  • To quantify enamel roughness and erosion depth after varying etching times.
  • To analyze enamel surface morphology using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

Main Methods:

  • Human incisors were etched with 15% HCl for 2, 4, 6, and 8 minutes.
  • Optical profilometry measured surface roughness and erosion depth.
  • Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) visualized surface morphology.

Main Results:

  • A median enamel loss of 34.02 μm was observed after 2 minutes of 15% HCl etching.
  • Extended etching times significantly increased erosion depth by 13.28–15.16 μm per increment (p < 0.05).
  • Total median enamel loss reached 77 μm, with no significant change in surface roughness (p > 0.05).

Conclusions:

  • Repeated 15% HCl conditioning increases enamel erosion depth.
  • The overall enamel erosion depth is shallow and considered negligible.
  • Etching time primarily affects erosion depth, not surface roughness.