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Related Concept Videos

Crossing Over01:30

Crossing Over

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Crossing over is the exchange of genetic information between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis I. Genetic recombination gives rise to allelic diversity in the newly formed daughter cells. In humans, crossing over produces genetically distinct haploid egg and sperm cells that undergo fertilization to produce unique offspring. Before cell division starts, the germ cell’s chromosome(s) undergo duplication in the S phase of the cell cycle. As the cells enter prophase I,...
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Crossing Over01:34

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Unlike mitosis, meiosis aims for genetic diversity in its creation of haploid gametes. Dividing germ cells first begin this process in prophase I, where each chromosome—replicated in S phase—is now composed of two sister chromatids (identical copies) joined centrally.
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Other than maintaining genome stability via DNA repair, homologous recombination plays an important role in diversifying the genome. In fact, the recombination of sequences forms the molecular basis of genomic evolution. Random and non-random permutations of genomic sequences create a library of new amalgamated sequences. These newly formed genomes can determine the fitness and survival of cells. In bacteria, homologous and non-homologous types of recombination lead to the evolution of new...
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Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
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The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
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Recurrent sequence exchange between homeologous grass chromosomes.

Thomas Wicker1, Rod A Wing2, Ingo Schubert3,4

  • 1Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, Zurich, CH-8008, Switzerland.

The Plant Journal : for Cell and Molecular Biology
|September 27, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Grass genomes evolved from a whole-genome duplication (WGD). Rice chromosomes 11 and 12 show unusual similarity due to terminal translocations and lineage sorting, differing from other grass species.

Keywords:
genome evolutiongrass ancestorinter-homeolog recombinationreciprocal translocationwhole-genome duplication

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Area of Science:

  • Plant genetics
  • Evolutionary biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • All grass species share an ancient whole-genome duplication (WGD) event from ~70 million years ago.
  • Homologous regions in grass genomes typically show divergence after WGD.
  • Rice chromosomes 11 and 12, and their sorghum homologs, exhibit unexpectedly high similarity in specific regions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mechanism behind the high similarity of rice chromosomes 11 and 12 short arms.
  • To understand the evolutionary history of these specific chromosomal regions in grasses.
  • To date key chromosomal events in grass evolution.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative genomic analysis of rice chromosomes 11 and 12 and homologs in seven grass species.
  • Molecular dating of translocation and fusion events.
  • Analysis of chromosome transmission and lineage sorting.

Main Results:

  • A model proposing reciprocal translocations at chromosome termini followed by unbalanced transmission and lineage sorting explains the high similarity.
  • Molecular dating suggests these translocation events are 'younger' in this specific genomic region.
  • Evidence indicates sequence exchange between homeologous chromosomes ceased earlier in most grasses compared to rice.
  • Random events, not selection, are presumed responsible for the observed similarity in rice.

Conclusions:

  • The high similarity of rice chromosome 11 and 12 short arms is attributed to a specific evolutionary mechanism involving translocations and lineage sorting.
  • Rice exhibits unique evolutionary dynamics for these chromosomes compared to other grass species.
  • Understanding these mechanisms provides insights into genome evolution and chromosomal rearrangements in grasses.