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Related Concept Videos

Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics: Overview01:29

Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics: Overview

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Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics examine how genetic factors influence an individual's response to drugs. While pharmacogenetics focuses on the impact of specific genetic variants on drug effects, pharmacogenomics takes a broader approach, studying how genetic variation across populations contributes to differences in drug responses. These fields aim to explain why individuals may experience varying levels of efficacy or adverse reactions to the same medication.Variability in drug...
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Pharmacogenetics of Drug Metabolism: Overview01:27

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Genetic polymorphism in drug metabolism is crucial to the inter-individual variability observed in drug responses. Drug metabolism primarily involves the chemical modification of drugs and other xenobiotics to enhance their elimination by increasing their polarity. Two main classes of enzymes mediate this biotransformation process: Phase I enzymes, primarily cytochrome P450s, catalyze oxidation and reduction reactions, while other enzymes, such as esterases, mediate hydrolysis, and Phase II...
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Pharmacogenomics: Identification of New Drug Targets01:29

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Advances in genomics have profoundly influenced drug discovery by increasing both the speed and accuracy of pharmaceutical development. Pharmacogenomics, which examines how genetic variation influences drug response, facilitates the identification of novel therapeutic targets and enables patient stratification for personalized treatment. These strategies contribute to improved drug efficacy, minimized adverse effects, and more efficient clinical trial design.Mapping genetic differences...
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Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu01:29

Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu

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Genetic variations significantly influence drug response through pharmacokinetics, receptor interactions, and biologic milieu modifications. Pharmacokinetic alterations impact drug metabolism and clearance, affecting efficacy and toxicity. Variants in drug-metabolizing enzymes, such as CYP2C9 and CYP2C19, alter drug activation and elimination. For example, CYP2C9 loss-of-function variants require lower warfarin doses to prevent excessive bleeding, while CYP2C19 variants reduce clopidogrel...
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Pharmacogenetics of Phase I Enzymes: Cytochrome P450 Isozymes01:28

Pharmacogenetics of Phase I Enzymes: Cytochrome P450 Isozymes

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Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes are a superfamily of heme-containing monooxygenases that play a pivotal role in Phase I drug metabolism by catalyzing oxidation and reduction reactions.These enzymes transform lipophilic xenobiotics into more hydrophilic metabolites, facilitating subsequent Phase II conjugation and eventual excretion. The CYP450 family is classified into families (e.g., CYP1–CYP3) and subfamilies (e.g., CYP2A, CYP2C), based on amino acid sequence homology.CYP450...
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Principles of Pharmacogenetics: Types of Genetic Variants01:27

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The human genome is over 99.9% identical between individuals, yet genetic differences exist at millions of bases. The human genome contains approximately 3 million variant positions per individual, many of which are heterozygous, contributing to genetic diversity and individual traits. Genetic variations include single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), insertions, deletions, and copy number variations (CNVs).SNPs, the most common variation, involve single-base changes in DNA. These can be...
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Candidate Gene Testing in Clinical Cohort Studies with Multiplexed Genotyping and Mass Spectrometry
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Community pharmacists' experience with pharmacogenetic testing.

Jivan Moaddeb1, Rachel Mills2, Susanne B Haga3

  • 1Clinical Pharmacist, Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC.

Journal of the American Pharmacists Association : Japha
|September 27, 2015
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Summary

Pharmacogenetic (PGx) testing is feasible in community pharmacies, with high patient consent and interest. Pharmacists require additional training for accurate test interpretation and provider communication.

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacogenomics
  • Community Pharmacy Practice
  • Medication Management

Background:

  • Pharmacogenetic (PGx) testing offers personalized medicine insights.
  • Integrating PGx services into community pharmacies presents unique opportunities and challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the feasibility and experiences of offering pharmacogenetic testing within a community pharmacy setting.
  • To assess patient and pharmacist perspectives on PGx service delivery.

Main Methods:

  • Pharmacists at five community pharmacies in North Carolina surveyed patients offered PGx testing.
  • Data collected on patient consent, counseling time, result communication, and interpretation accuracy.

Main Results:

  • 81% of patients consented to PGx testing.
  • Pharmacists correctly interpreted 89% of test results, with challenges noted in interpreting results requiring medication changes.
  • Most patients understood their results, and pharmacists reported minimal time spent on PGx services.

Conclusions:

  • Community pharmacy-based PGx services are feasible and well-received by patients.
  • Pharmacists require enhanced training for accurate PGx test interpretation and effective communication with patients and physicians.
  • Further development of PGx services in community pharmacies can improve medication management.