Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Pharmacogenetics of Drug Targets: β₂-Adrenergic Receptors, Apo E, Thymidylate Synthase01:11

Pharmacogenetics of Drug Targets: β₂-Adrenergic Receptors, Apo E, Thymidylate Synthase

69
Genetic polymorphisms in drug targets have emerged as critical determinants of interindividual variability in drug response and toxicity. Pharmacogenomic investigations increasingly focus on identifying these variations to personalize and optimize therapeutic interventions. A drug target may be a receptor, enzyme, or signaling protein involved in pharmacologic responses or disease-related pathways. While early pharmacogenetic studies focused primarily on drug metabolism, current research...
69
Regression Toward the Mean01:52

Regression Toward the Mean

7.3K
Regression toward the mean (“RTM”) is a phenomenon in which extremely high or low values—for example, and individual’s blood pressure at a particular moment—appear closer to a group’s average upon remeasuring. Although this statistical peculiarity is the result of random error and chance, it has been problematic across various medical, scientific, financial and psychological applications. In particular, RTM, if not taken into account, can interfere when...
7.3K
Targets for Drug Action: Overview01:26

Targets for Drug Action: Overview

11.3K
Drugs target macromolecules to modify ongoing cellular processes. Primary drug targets include receptors, ion channels, transporters, and enzymes.
Receptors are either membrane-spanning or intracellular proteins, which upon binding a ligand, get activated and transmit the signal downstream to elicit a response. Drugs bind receptors, either mimicking the action of endogenous ligands or blocking the receptor activity to bring about a modified response. Nearly 35% of approved drugs target the G...
11.3K
Cognitive Learning01:21

Cognitive Learning

1.6K
Cognitive learning is based on purposive behavior, incidental learning, and insight learning.
E. C. Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasizes that much behavior is goal-directed. He argued that to understand behavior, we must look at the entire sequence of actions leading to a goal. For instance, high school students study hard, not just due to past reinforcement but also to achieve the goal of getting into a good college.
Tolman introduced the idea that behavior is influenced by...
1.6K
Generalization, Discrimination, and Extinction01:24

Generalization, Discrimination, and Extinction

1.8K
Generalization, discrimination, and extinction are key concepts in operant conditioning that influence how behaviors are learned and maintained.
Generalization occurs when a behavior reinforced in one context is performed in similar situations. For instance, a student who studies diligently for calculus and receives excellent grades might apply the same study habits to psychology and history, expecting similar results. Generalization shows how learning in one setting can influence behavior in...
1.8K
Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

Targeted Cancer Therapies

9.1K
The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
There are several types of targeted therapies against...
9.1K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Identification and validation of novel diagnostic biomarkers across multiple tissues in osteoarthritis.

Advances in clinical and experimental medicine : official organ Wroclaw Medical University·2026
Same author

Association of dexmedetomidine with improved survival in ICU delirium.

Korean journal of anesthesiology·2026
Same author

Association Between Systemic Inflammation Response Index and Specific Depressive Symptoms: Evidence From a Cross-Sectional Survey.

Brain and behavior·2026
Same author

Survival outcomes, determinants, and hemodynamic trajectories with intravenous β<sub>1</sub>-selective blockade in septic shock complicated by tachyarrhythmia: a real-world MIMIC-IV cohort study.

Frontiers in pharmacology·2026
Same author

Dietary tryptophan supplementation prevents sepsis by enhancing macrophage bacterial defense through GPR37 activation.

Chinese medical journal·2026
Same author

Tailoring Surface Chemistry for Robust and Ambient-Stable Sodium Layered Oxide Cathodes.

Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 2, 2026

An Emerging Target Paradigm to Evoke Fast Visuomotor Responses on Human Upper Limb Muscles
09:27

An Emerging Target Paradigm to Evoke Fast Visuomotor Responses on Human Upper Limb Muscles

Published on: August 25, 2020

4.8K

A generalized target theory and its applications.

Lei Zhao1,2, Dong Mi3, Bei Hu1,2

  • 1College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, Liaoning, P.R. China.

Scientific Reports
|September 29, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new generalized target model integrates fuzzy mathematics to predict cell inactivation from radiation. This model accounts for cellular repair and indirect effects, offering improved accuracy in radiotherapy and risk assessment.

More Related Videos

Localizing Function-specific Targets for Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in the Absence of Navigation Equipment
09:30

Localizing Function-specific Targets for Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in the Absence of Navigation Equipment

Published on: May 23, 2025

1.5K
Measuring Attention and Visual Processing Speed by Model-based Analysis of Temporal-order Judgments
13:00

Measuring Attention and Visual Processing Speed by Model-based Analysis of Temporal-order Judgments

Published on: January 23, 2017

10.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 2, 2026

An Emerging Target Paradigm to Evoke Fast Visuomotor Responses on Human Upper Limb Muscles
09:27

An Emerging Target Paradigm to Evoke Fast Visuomotor Responses on Human Upper Limb Muscles

Published on: August 25, 2020

4.8K
Localizing Function-specific Targets for Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in the Absence of Navigation Equipment
09:30

Localizing Function-specific Targets for Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in the Absence of Navigation Equipment

Published on: May 23, 2025

1.5K
Measuring Attention and Visual Processing Speed by Model-based Analysis of Temporal-order Judgments
13:00

Measuring Attention and Visual Processing Speed by Model-based Analysis of Temporal-order Judgments

Published on: January 23, 2017

10.4K

Area of Science:

  • Radiobiology
  • Mathematical Modeling
  • Fuzzy Mathematics

Background:

  • Existing radiobiological models have limitations in their scope for estimating cell-killing effects.
  • Accurate estimation is crucial for radiotherapy and radiation risk assessment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a generalized target model for radiation-induced cell inactivation.
  • To incorporate cellular repair and indirect radiation effects into a unified framework.
  • To validate the model's applicability across different dose regions and experimental data.

Main Methods:

  • Generalizing the hit-survival relationship using the Yager negation operator from fuzzy mathematics.
  • Developing a generalized single-hit single-target (GSHST) model.
  • Analyzing model reduction to linear quadratic and multitarget models at low and high doses, respectively.
  • Fitting the GSHST model to experimental data.

Main Results:

  • The generalized target model (GSHST) effectively simulates radiation-induced cell inactivation.
  • The GSHST model accurately represents cellular repair and indirect radiation effects.
  • Model analysis confirms its reduction to established models in specific dose ranges.
  • The GSHST model demonstrates strong agreement with experimental observations.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed GSHST model provides a unified and flexible framework for radiobiological modeling.
  • It accurately predicts cellular repair capacity, radiosensitivity, and target size.
  • The model is valuable for clinical applications, particularly in determining the biologically effective dose for treatment planning.