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Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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A phase transition is the process in which a substance changes from one state of matter to another, like from a solid to a liquid, liquid to gas, or vice versa, at a specific temperature and under given pressure conditions. This change is spontaneous and is affected by alterations in temperature and pressure. These parameters impact the strength of the forces between molecules (intermolecular forces) in the substance.During a phase transition, both the initial and final phases of the substance...
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Phase transitions play an important theoretical and practical role in the study of heat flow. In melting or fusion, a solid turns into a liquid; the opposite process is freezing. In evaporation, a liquid turns into a gas; the opposite process is condensation.
A substance melts or freezes at a temperature called its melting point and boils or condenses at its boiling point. These temperatures depend on pressure. High pressure favors the denser form of the substance, so typically, high pressure...
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The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).
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Phase Diagram01:24

Phase Diagram

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A phase diagram is a graphical representation of the physical states of a substance under different conditions of temperature and pressure. It shows the boundaries between solid, liquid, and gas phases and the conditions at which these phases coexist in equilibrium. An area in a phase diagram represents a single phase, whereas lines or phase boundaries represent the equilibrium between two phases.In the phase diagram of water, the boundary line between the solid and liquid states illustrates...
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Phase Diagrams02:39

Phase Diagrams

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A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
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Templated blue phases.

Miha Ravnik1, Jun-ichi Fukuda2

  • 1Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, University of Ljubljana, Jadranska 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia. miha.ravnik@fmf.uni-lj.si and Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan. fukuda.jun-ichi@aist.go.jp.

Soft Matter
|September 29, 2015
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Polymer matrices stabilize chiral liquid crystal blue phases and template ordering. Surface anchoring on the polymer dictates ordering, enabling new material designs with large optical Kerr responses.

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Area of Science:

  • Soft matter physics
  • Materials science
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Cholesteric blue phases are self-organized 3D nanostructures in chiral liquid crystals.
  • Polymer matrices can stabilize blue phases and act as templates for ordering.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To numerically model how polymer matrix surface anchoring influences blue phase ordering.
  • To investigate the optical Kerr response of templated blue phases.

Main Methods:

  • Numerical modeling of blue phase ordering and surface anchoring effects.
  • Analysis of optical Kerr response and Kerr constants.

Main Results:

  • Surface anchoring of the polymer matrix explains templating behavior for achiral nematic liquid crystals.
  • Tailored anchoring can create unique ordering, including polymer-defect complexes.
  • Templated blue phases exhibit large Kerr constants (2-10 x 10^-9 m V^-2) dependent on anchoring strength.

Conclusions:

  • Polymer matrix surface properties are key to templating liquid crystal blue phases.
  • This understanding aids in designing novel soft matter materials with tunable optical properties.