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Drug Toxicity: Risk factors01:24

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Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) are potential complications that arise during pharmacotherapy, influenced by multiple risk factors. Age plays a significant role; both neonates and the elderly are at heightened risk due to their respective immature and diminished metabolic and elimination processes. Gender also impacts ADRs, with females experiencing a 1.5 to 1.7-fold greater risk than males, which may be linked to pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and hormonal differences. Notably, neonates, the...
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Toxicity tests in animals are grounded on two main assumptions: first, the effects observed in laboratory animals can be extrapolated to humans, especially when adjusted for body surface area; second, high-dose exposure in animals is essential to identify potential human hazards from lower doses. This is based on the quantal dose-response concept, which faces the challenge of extrapolating results from relatively few test animals to much larger human populations. For example, a 0.01% incidence...
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Drug toxicities can be stratified into pharmacological, pathological, or genotoxic based on their mechanisms. The incidence and severity of these toxicities generally increase with the drug's concentration in the body and exposure time.Pharmacological toxicity is evident when the therapeutic effects of drugs overshoot into adverse reactions in a predictable, dose-dependent manner. Central nervous system (CNS) depression from barbiturates is a classic example, with effects escalating from...
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Drug toxicity quantifies the harm a compound causes to an organism, varying by dose and potentially impacting whole systems or specific organs like the liver. Toxic reactions may arise from venomous insect or spider bites, with effects ranging from mild symptoms to severe outcomes such as brain damage or death. Common forms of acute poisoning include ethanol intoxication and overdose of pain or fever medications, with substances like GHB and heroin being particularly lethal at doses close to...
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Vanadium toxicity in the thymic development.

Wei Cui1, Hongrui Guo1, Hengmin Cui1,2

  • 1Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China.

Oncotarget
|September 30, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

High dietary vanadium levels (30-60 mg/kg) harm broiler thymic development, increasing apoptosis and impairing immune function. However, low vanadium (5 mg/kg) shows beneficial effects on thymic growth and immune parameters.

Keywords:
Immune responseImmunityImmunology and Microbiology sectionapoptosiscell cycleprotein expressionrelative weightthymusvanadium

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary immunology
  • Toxicology
  • Animal science

Background:

  • Vanadium is an essential trace element, but its toxicity is dose-dependent.
  • Thymic development is crucial for T lymphocyte maturation and cellular immunity.
  • Understanding vanadium's impact on poultry health is vital for the agricultural industry.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the toxic effects of varying dietary vanadium levels on thymic development in broilers.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms underlying vanadium-induced immunotoxicity in poultry.
  • To determine the threshold for vanadium toxicity and potential beneficial effects in broiler diets.

Main Methods:

  • Broilers were fed diets supplemented with 0, 5, 15, 30, 45, or 60 mg/kg vanadium for 42 days.
  • Thymic development was assessed by measuring relative weight, cell cycle phase, and apoptotic thymocyte percentages using flow cytometry and TUNEL assay.
  • Protein expression of apoptosis-related factors (Bcl-2, Bax, caspase-3) was analyzed via immunohistochemistry.

Main Results:

  • High vanadium doses (30-60 mg/kg) significantly reduced relative thymus weight, increased G0/G1 phase and apoptotic cells, and decreased S phase and proliferation index.
  • Dietary high vanadium led to increased Bax and caspase-3 expression while decreasing Bcl-2 expression.
  • Conversely, 5 mg/kg vanadium supplementation enhanced thymic development, increasing relative weight and proliferation, and reducing apoptosis compared to controls.

Conclusions:

  • Dietary vanadium levels significantly impact broiler thymic development and immune function.
  • High vanadium concentrations induce thymic toxicity, suppressing T lymphocyte maturation and cellular immunity.
  • Low vanadium supplementation (5 mg/kg) demonstrates a potential to promote thymic development and enhance immune parameters in broilers.