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Pharmacodynamics in Geriatric Patients: Effects of Age01:27

Pharmacodynamics in Geriatric Patients: Effects of Age

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Age-related pharmacokinetic changes are extensively documented, but understanding age-related pharmacodynamic alterations is relatively limited. This knowledge gap can be partly attributed to the complexity of developing appropriate measures of drug responses compared to bioanalytical methods for determining drug concentrations.Most information regarding age-related differences in human pharmacodynamics originates from cross-sectional studies. However, these studies assume that observed mean...
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Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Absorption01:22

Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Absorption

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As individuals age, their body's physiology evolves, affecting drug pharmacokinetics. The most apparent changes occur in the gastrointestinal tract, where an increase in gastric pH, a delay in gastric emptying, and a reduction in gastrointestinal motility are observed. Remarkably, these changes do not substantially modify the absorption of orally administered drugs, particularly those absorbed via passive diffusion.Transdermal drug delivery emerges as a highly viable method for older adults due...
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Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Excretion01:18

Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Excretion

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In geriatric patients, renal physiology undergoes significant changes, including diminished renal blood flow and a lower glomerular filtration rate (GFR), leading to alterations in medication clearance. Drugs such as aminoglycoside antibiotics, lithium, and digoxin, which rely on glomerular filtration for removal from the body, particularly impact pharmacokinetics. These drugs tend to have slower clearance rates in older adults, necessitating careful dosage considerations.Evaluation of renal...
318
Drug Dosing: Geriatric Patients01:15

Drug Dosing: Geriatric Patients

355
Elderly individuals encompass a diverse population with varying degrees of age-related physiological changes. Defining the elderly presents challenges, as the geriatric population is often arbitrarily categorized as individuals older than 65. However, many individuals in this group lead active and healthy lives, with an increasing number surpassing 85 years and falling into the older elderly category. Physiological changes associated with aging impact performance capacity and homeostatic...
355
Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Distribution01:00

Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Distribution

341
Drug distribution in the human body is influenced by several factors, including plasma protein concentration, body composition, blood flow, tissue-protein concentration, and tissue fluid pH. Among these, changes in plasma protein concentration and body composition due to aging significantly affect how drugs are distributed within the body. Specifically, aging is associated with a decrease in albumin levels by about 10% and an increase in α1-acid glycoprotein levels. These alterations are...
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Longitudinal Research02:20

Longitudinal Research

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Sometimes we want to see how people change over time, as in studies of human development and lifespan. When we test the same group of individuals repeatedly over an extended period of time, we are conducting longitudinal research. Longitudinal research is a research design in which data-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time. For example, we may survey a group of individuals about their dietary habits at age 20, retest them a decade later at age 30, and then again...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 1, 2026

An Experimental Paradigm for Measuring the Effects of Ageing on Sentence Processing
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Relative age effect: implications for effective practice.

Georgios Andronikos1, Adeboye Israel Elumaro1, Tony Westbury1

  • 1a School of Life, Sport and Social Sciences , Edinburgh Napier University , Edinburgh , UK.

Journal of Sports Sciences
|September 30, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Relative age effects (RAEs) in sports, linked to birthdate, impact athlete development. Experts suggest controllable environmental factors, like category structures and long-term focus, can mitigate RAEs.

Keywords:
Effective talent developmentrelative age effectreverse relative age effect

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Area of Science:

  • Sports Science
  • Talent Development
  • Developmental Psychology

Background:

  • Relative age effects (RAEs) are physical and psychological differences in athletes born in the same selection year.
  • RAEs are observed in various sports at youth and adult levels, potentially leading to athlete dropout and reduced talent pools.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the existence, underlying mechanisms, and potential solutions for relative age effects in sports.
  • To explore expert opinions on mitigating RAEs within talent identification and development programs.

Main Methods:

  • Qualitative methodology was employed.
  • Semi-structured interviews were conducted with seven experts in talent identification and development.
  • Inductive analysis was used to analyze interview data.

Main Results:

  • Evidence for the existence of RAEs across sports was mixed.
  • Experts attributed the eradication of RAEs to controllable environmental factors.
  • Key factors identified include the structure of athlete categories, prioritizing long-term development over short-term wins, and educating stakeholders.

Conclusions:

  • While RAEs' existence varies, their impact is manageable through environmental adjustments.
  • Recommendations include restructuring development environments, focusing on long-term athlete growth, and educating coaches and scouts.
  • Implications suggest a need for revised practices in talent identification and development to ensure fairness and maximize potential.