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Exploring Muscle Activation during Nordic Walking: A Comparison between Conventional and Uphill Walking
Barbara Pellegrini1, Leonardo Alexandre Peyré-Tartaruga2, Chiara Zoppirolli1
1CeRiSM (Research Centre of Mountain Sport and Health), University of Verona, Rovereto, Italy; Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
Nordic Walking (NW) increases energy expenditure and upper body muscle activation compared to conventional walking (W). NW may also benefit individuals with low back pain, especially on uphill terrain.
Area of Science:
- Exercise Physiology
- Biomechanics
- Sports Science
Background:
- Nordic Walking (NW) is popular for increased energy expenditure and upper body engagement compared to conventional walking (W).
- Limited research exists on muscle activation patterns during NW, particularly across different terrains.
Purpose of the Study:
- To compare muscle activation and physiological responses between NW and W.
- To investigate these differences under both level and uphill walking conditions.
Main Methods:
- Nine expert Nordic Walkers completed treadmill trials of W and NW at 4 km/h on 0% and 15% inclines.
- Electromyography measured muscle activation (7 upper body, 5 leg muscles), and oxygen consumption (VO2) was recorded.
- Pole force was measured during NW.
Main Results:
- NW showed 22.3% higher VO2 on level ground and 6.9% higher on inclines than W.
- Upper body muscle activation was 2- to 15-fold higher during NW under both conditions.
- Erector spinae activity was lower during uphill NW compared to uphill W, suggesting reduced lower back strain.
Conclusions:
- NW enhances upper body engagement and energy expenditure compared to W, even on uphill terrain.
- NW may reduce lower back muscle activity during uphill walking, potentially benefiting individuals with low back pain.
- Pole use in NW might aid in trunk stabilization and work production, especially on inclines.
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