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Related Concept Videos

MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

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MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...
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MicroRNAs01:22

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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After...
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Feedback Loops01:01

Feedback Loops

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In most cases, excessive hormone production is prevented by negative feedback—a loop that starts with a stimulus inducing the release of a particular substance, like a hormone, to maintain a certain level before triggering a signal that results in a decrease in further release of the hormone.
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Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion01:27

Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion

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The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
Insulin and C-peptide are...
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Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose01:16

Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose

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Insulin is released by beta cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are high. It facilitates glucose absorption and utilization in insulin-dependent cells with insulin receptors on their plasma membranes. Insulin promotes glucose uptake by increasing the number of glucose transport proteins in the cell membrane, allowing glucose to enter the cell. As a result, glucose utilization and ATP production are enhanced.
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High-resolution Respirometry to Measure Mitochondrial Function of Intact Beta Cells in the Presence of Natural Compounds
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MicroRNAs as regulators of beta-cell function and dysfunction.

Mirwais Osmai1, Yama Osmai1, Claus H Bang-Berthelsen2,3

  • 1Immuno-endocrinology Lab, Section of Endocrinological Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.

Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews
|September 30, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are key regulators of islet cells in diabetes. These molecules show potential as therapeutic targets and biomarkers for beta-cell health and disease.

Keywords:
apoptosisbeta-cellsdiabetesinsulinisletsmiRNA

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are critical posttranscriptional regulators.
  • Recent research highlights their significant role in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
  • miRNAs influence key beta-cell functions, including apoptosis, differentiation, proliferation, and insulin secretion.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of how miRNAs regulate beta-cell function and viability.
  • To explore the involvement of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of diabetes.
  • To discuss the therapeutic potential and biomarker applications of miRNAs in diabetes.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on miRNAs in diabetes.
  • Analysis of miRNA involvement in beta-cell transcriptome regulation.
  • Investigation of miRNA roles in response to diabetogenic factors like high glucose, fatty acids, and cytokines.

Main Results:

  • miRNAs are integral to regulating islet cell functions and pathways.
  • Numerous miRNAs are implicated in diabetes development, influenced by metabolic and inflammatory conditions.
  • miRNAs are exported via exosomes, suggesting roles in intercellular communication and as potential biomarkers.

Conclusions:

  • miRNAs represent promising therapeutic targets for beta-cell protection.
  • miRNA antagonists (antagomirs) show therapeutic promise, with in vivo efficacy demonstrated for other conditions.
  • miRNAs hold potential as biomarkers for assessing beta-cell function, mass, and survival in diabetes.